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Transport in animals Flashcards

Blurt: - transport of CO2 - structure of heart

1
Q

four types of circulatory system

A
  • open
  • closed
  • double
  • single
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2
Q

invertebrate circulatory system components

A
  • heart (have pores called ostia)
  • heamocoel (open body cavity)
  • haemolymph (liquid transport medium)
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3
Q

what does and doesn’t haemolymph transport?

A
  • DOES transport food and nitrogenous waste
  • DOESN’T transport O2 or CO2 (tracheoles transport gas)
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4
Q

three limitations of an open circulatory system

A
  • can’t maintain a steep diffusion gradient (due to low pressure and slow blood flow)
  • volume of haemolymph flowing to specific tissues cannot be varied depending on metabolic rates and demands
  • movement of haemolymph may be affected by body movements (or lack of)
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5
Q

single circulatory system

A

blood only travels through the heart once in a single circuit of the body

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6
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood is transported to the lungs and back to the heart as oxygenated blood

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7
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood is transported around the body and back to the heart as deoxygenated blood

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8
Q

three advantages of a double closed circulatory system

A
  • high pressure and high speed of blood flow in the systemic circulation (too high pressure in pulmonary circulation may damage lung capillaries) can maintain a steep diffusion gradient
  • only oxygenated blood is taken to respiring tissues which also maintains a steep diffusion gradient
  • blood can be directed or restricted from specific tissues depending on metabolic rates and demand
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9
Q

why can fish survive with a single circulatory system but mammals can’t?

A
  • fish are less metabolically active (e.g. they don’t have to maintain their body temperature)
  • lower demand for nutrients like glucose (respiratory substrate) for respiration
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10
Q

what is the difference between a heart in a single and a double circulatory system?

A
  • single: only one ventricle and one atrium
  • double: two ventricles and two atria
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11
Q

name seven veins and their locations (if known)

A
  • superior vena cava (from the head)
  • inferior vena cava (from body)
  • pulmonary vein (from lungs)
  • renal vein (from kidneys)
  • hepatic portal vein (from digestive system to liver)
  • hepatic vein (from liver)
  • iliac vein
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12
Q

name eight arteries and their locations (if known)

A
  • aorta (from heart to body)
  • carotid artery (aorta splits into three main arteries that go to head)
  • pulmonary artery (from heart to lungs)
  • coronary artery (to heart muscle)
  • renal artery (to kidneys)
  • hepatic artery (to liver)
  • mesenteric artery (to digestive system)
  • iliac artery
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13
Q

scientific names of the three layers of blood vessels

A
  • tunica intima (inner)
  • tunica media (middle)
  • tunica externa (outer)
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14
Q

three major components of blood vessels

A
  • smooth muscle (contract and relax)
  • elastic fibres (stretch and recoil to even put surges of blood and promote a continuous flow)
  • collagen fibres (structural support)
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15
Q

artery structure

A
  • narrow lumen
  • wrinkled endothelium
  • thick smooth muscle layer
  • thick elastic layer (low elasticity)
  • collagen fibre layer
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16
Q

arteriole vs artery structure

A

arterioles have:
- narrower lumen
- less elastin
- more smooth muscle (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

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17
Q

vein structure

A
  • wide (squashed circular) lumen
  • smooth endothelium (minimise resistance and forms semi-lunar valves)
  • thinner smooth muscle layer
  • thin elastic layer (mixed in with muscle)
  • relatively lots of collagen
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18
Q

venule vs vein structure

A

venules have:
- little smooth muscle ONLY

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19
Q

three adaptations that help blood flow in the veins overcome gravity

A
  • valves prevent backflow
  • larger veins run between big, active muscles which squeeze the veins when they contract
  • muscle contractions from ventilation cause pressure changes and squeeze blood from the abdomen and thorax to the heart
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20
Q

capillary structure

A
  • lumen diameter of an erythrocyte
  • smooth, one cell thick endothelium and basement membrane on outside
  • large gaps between endothelial cells to allow substances and white blood cells to diffuse in and out
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21
Q

neurogenic

A

contracts in accordance to electrical nerve impulse

22
Q

cardiac cycle stages

A
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
23
Q

myogenic

A

contracts on its own accord without electrical nerve impulses (instead by a wave of electrical excitation)

24
Q

diastole

A
  • atria and ventricular walls are relaxed
  • AV valves are open
  • blood trickles into the atria and the ventricles
25
what things should be mentioned in each stage of the cardiac cycle (exam technique)
- muscles - valves - pressure
26
atrial systole
- SAN produce a wave of electrical excitation across atria walls - atria contract - atrial pressure > ventricular pressure - (AV valves already open from diastole) - blood flows down pressure gradient from atria into ventricles - ventricular pressure > atrial pressure - AV valves close
27
ventricular systole
- AVN delay causes pause between atrial and ventricular systole - AVN produces a wave of electrical excitation down bundles of His to the apex and up the ventricle walls via the Purkyne fibres - ventricle walls contract - ventricular pressure > arterial pressure - semi-lunar valves open - blood flows down a pressure gradient from ventricles into arteries - arterial pressure > ventricular pressure - semi-lunar valves close
28
what are the two nodes called?
- SAN (sino atrial node) - AVN (atrio-ventricular node)
29
what is an important feature between the atria and ventricle walls?
non-conducting tissue prevents waves of electrical excitation reaching the ventricles and causing them to contract
30
what important feature allows the ventricles to fill before ventricular systole?
AVN delay
31
sequence of peaks on an ECG (electrocardiogram) and which part of the cardiac cycle do they represent?
P, (PR interval), QRS, (ST segment), T (small peak, down big up big down, curved up) atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole
32
ectopic heartbeat vs atrial fibrillation
ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat outside of the normal rhythm atrial fibrillation - rapid electrical impulses generated by atria (fibrilate very fast but weak so less impulses are passed onto the venticles so there's less ventricular systole)
33
components of the blood
blood cells: - erythrocytes - lymphocytes - phagocytes - platelets plasma: - albumin (+ other plasma proteins) - water - salts/mineral ions (Na+, Cl- etc) - glucose - amino acids - dissolved CO2 - fibrinogen - globulins
34
Explain how the heart contributes tomthe formation of tissue fluid. (2 marks)
- ventricular walls contract and pump blood out of the heart under high hydrostatic pressure - forces water out of capillaries
35
hydrostatic pressure
pressure created by water in an enclosed system
36
oncotic pressure
the tendency of the water to move into the blood as a result of the plasma proteins (reducing Ψ)
37
functions of the blood
- transport gases to and from the lungs - transport nitrogenous waste to the liver - transport digested food from small intestine - transport hormones to target cells - transport storage molecules to repairing cells - transport platelets to damaged areas - transport cells and antibodies for an immune response - maintain pH - maintain internal body temperature
38
what cannot leave the blood via pores in the capillaries?
- erythrocytes - albumin/large plasma proteins
39
what happens at the arterial and venous ends of the capillaries?
arterial end: - ultrafiltration - hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure - net movement of fluid out of the capillary to form tissue fluid venous end: - reabsorption - oncotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure - net movement of fluid into the capillaries (90% returns to the blood)
40
what does tissue fluid contain?
everything in blood with erythrocytes and plasma proteins
41
what happens to the two pressure moving from the arterial to the venous end of a capillary?
- hydrostatic pressure decreases - oncotic pressure stays the same
42
tissue fluid
solution surrounding the cells of multicellular animals
43
lymph
modified tissue fluid that is collected in the lymph system
44
how does tissue fluid become lymph?
drainage: (10% that doesn't return to the blood) tissue fluid stains into blind-ended lymph capillaries connected to lymph vessels
45
how does lymph fluid move through vessels?
- contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle - some smooth muscle in vessels - valves prevent backflow
46
what happens to the lymph fluid?
- returns to the bloodstream via blood vessels (right and left subclavian veins) under clavicle or collarbone)
47
lymph vs plasma
lymph: - less oxygen - fewer nutrients - fatty acids absorbed from villi of small intestine plasma: - more oxygen - more nutrients - fewer fatty acids
48
what veins return lymph to the blood?
left and right subclavian veins
49
three parts of the lymphatic system
- lymph capillaries - lymph vessels - lymph nodes
50
role of the lymph nodes
- lymphocytes and phagocytes build up there and produce antibodies when necessary - nodes transport antibodies to the blood - nodes intercept pathogens and ingest by phagocytosis

Biology (29 decks)

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