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Biology component 2 As > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe open circulatory systems

A
  • blood is pumped into a haemocoel where it bathes organs and returns slowly to the heart with little control over direction of flow
  • blood not contained in blood vessels
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2
Q

Decribe closed circulatory systems

A
  • blood is pumped into a series of vesseld
  • blood flow is rapid and direction is controlled
  • organs are not bathes by blood but by tissue fluid tat leaks from capillaries
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3
Q

Describe single circulatory systems

A
  • blood passes through the heart once in each circulation
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4
Q

Describe double circulatory systems

A
  • blood passes through the heart twice in each circulation
  • once in pulmonary (lung) circulation and then again through the systematic (body) circulation
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5
Q

Describe the circulatory systems in insects

A
  • open circulatory system
  • dorsal tube shaped heart
  • no respiratory pigment in blood lack of respiratory gases in blood due to tracheal gas exchange
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6
Q

Describe the circulatory systems in earthworms

A
  • closed circulatory
  • 5 pseudohearts
  • respiratory pigment haemoglobin carries respiratory gases in blood
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7
Q

Describe the circulatory systems in fish

A
  • closed single circulatory system
  • blood pumped to and oxygenated in the gills continues around body tissues
  • means lower pressure and slower flow around the body
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8
Q

Desribe the circulatory system in mammals

A
  • closed double circulatory ytems
  • high bloof pressure to body deliver oxygen quickly
  • low pressure to lungs prevent hydrostatic pressure forcing tissue fluid into and reducong efficieny of the alveoli
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9
Q

Describe the function of the superior vena cava

A

returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

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10
Q

Describe the function of the right atrium

A

contracts and pumps deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle

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11
Q

Describe the function of the tricuspid valve

A
  • pressure of the contraction of the atrium opens the valve then closes preventing backflow to the right atrium where the ventricles contract
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12
Q

Describe the function of the right ventricle

A
  • thinner muscular wall compared to the left ventricle as less pressure is produced on contraction
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13
Q

Describe the function of the septum

A

wall dividing oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood side of the heart

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14
Q

Describe the function of the aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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15
Q

Describe the function of the pumonary artery

A

takes deoxygenated blood to lungs from right ventricle

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16
Q

Describe the function of the semilunar valve

A

prevent blood flowing back into ventricles between heart beats

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17
Q

Describe the function of the pulmonary veins

A

return oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium

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18
Q

Describe the function of the bicuspid valve

A
  • prevent backflow of the blood into the left atrium when the ventricles contract
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19
Q

Describe the function of the left ventricle

A

comparativley thicker muscular wall to produce a higher pressure to push oxygenated blood rapidly around the body

20
Q

What is the structure of the arteries

A
  • tought collagen outer coat to prevent overstretching
  • small lumen surrounded by smooth endothelium to prevent friction
  • thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to alter blood flow to different organs
  • thick layer of elastic tissue recoils to propel blood forwards and even out flow
21
Q

Describe the structure of the vein

A
  • tough collagen outer coat prevent overstretching
  • larger lumen as blood is under lower pressure this gives less resistance to blood flow
  • less muscle and elstic fibres
  • contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
22
Q

What is the structure of the capillaries

A

a single layer of endothelium giving short diffusion path

23
Q

Describe atrial systole

A
  • atria contract
  • pressure opens AV valvels
  • blood flows into ventricles
24
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A
  • ventricles contract
  • av valves close due to pressure in ventricles being higher than in the atria
  • Semi lunar valves in aorta and pulmonary arteries open
  • blood flows into arteries
25
Q

Describe ventricular diastole

A
  • ventricle muscles relaxes
  • semi lunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
26
Q

Describe diastole

A
  • heart mucles relaxes and artria begin to fill from vena cava and pulmonary veins
27
Q

How is the heartbeat initiated

A
  • the heartbeat is myogenic intiation comes from the heart itself
  • the sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker sending waves of excitation across the atria causing them to contract simultaneously
  • a layers of connective tissue prevents the wave of excitation passing down to the ventricles. the wave of excitation passes to the AV node where there is a delay to allow the atria to complete contraction
  • the AV node transmitss impusles down the bundle of His to the apex of the heart
  • the impulse then travels up the branched purkinje fibres simulating ventricles to contract from the bottom up ensuring the blood is pumped out
28
Q

Describe when the blood pressure when the pressure of the left arium is equal to the pressure of the left ventricle at the beginning of thee graph

A
  • pressure in atrium increases as it contracts forcing blood through the AV valves into the ventricles
  • As the atria empty the valves shut
29
Q

Describe the blood pressure at the second intersection of left ventricle and left atrium

A
  • as the ventricles fully relax conrtaction in the atria walls causes the artio ventricular vavles to open and the ventricle refill with blood
30
Q

Describe the first intersection with the aorta and left ventricle on blood pressure graph

A
  • contraction of the thick muscular wall (systole) increases the pressure in the ventricle
  • pressure in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta the semi lunar valve leading to the aorta iss forced open and blood enters the aorta increasing the pressure
31
Q

Describe what happens when the aorta pressure decreases before it increases again on a blood pressure graph

A
  • as ventricle wall relaxes (diastole) the presure droops in both the ventricles and the aorta
  • the semilunar valve cloes preveting blood flow back into the ventricle
32
Q

describe what happens when the pressure in the aorta increases on a blood pressure graph

A
  • elastic recoil of the arota walls increases pressure momentarily
33
Q

What is an electrocardiogram

A
  • the electrical activity that spreads through the heart during the cardiac cycle can be detcted using electrodes placed o the kin and shown on the cathode ray oscilloscope
  • this is an ECG
34
Q

Describe the p wave

A
  • depolarisation of the atria corresponding to atrial systole
35
Q

Describe the QRS wave

A
  • spread of depolarisation through the ventricles resulting in ventricular ustole
36
Q

Describe the T wave

A
  • repolarisation of the ventricles resulting in ventricular diastole
37
Q

Describe what happens when the blood pressure in the aorta is at it highest

A
  • pressure in the aorta is high due to contraction of the powerful left ventricle forcing blood into the vessel
  • it falls only slightlyduring ventricular diastole due to the elastic recoil of the artieris and the closing of the semi lunar valves
  • arterioles are further away from the heat have a large surface area and are narrow leading to a substantial drop in pressure
  • however arterioles can adjust their diameter to control blood flow to the organs
38
Q

Describe why the pressure rapidly decreases in the arteries and arterioles and aorta

A
  • the huge cross sectional surface area covered by the capillaries cause a dramatic decline in pressure
  • slow moving blood is essential for effective exchange between blood and cells
  • low pressure requires valves and massaging effect of muscles to aid the teansport of blood through the veins back to the heart
39
Q

Descibe how red blood cells transport oxygen

A
  • haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
  • each molecule of haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules forming oxyhaemoglobin
  • this reaction is reversible
40
Q

Describe the oxygen dissociation curve of normal adult haemoglobin

A
  • a sigmoid curve that shows haemogobin has a hgih affinity for oxygen at a high partial pressures of oxygen (the lungs) but releases readily at lower partial pressures (respiring tissues)
41
Q

Describe what happens to the dissociation curve when CO2 is present

A
  • it shifts to the right
  • bohr shift oocurs
  • meaning heamoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen relaeasing it more readily
  • helpful to respiring tissues
42
Q

Describe what happens to the dissociation curve when myoglobin is present

A
  • curve shifts to the left
  • has a high addinity for oxygen and holds on to it until partial pressure of oxygen are really low
  • then releases it rapidly
  • acts as a store of oxygen in muscle
43
Q

Descirbe what happens to the dissociation curve with foetal haemoglobin

A
  • curve just to the left
  • a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin at all partial pressures so foetus can take oxygen from the mothers blood
44
Q

How is CO2 transported

A
  • some CO2 is carried in the blood dissolved in plasma while ome is carried in the blood as carbaminoheamoglobin
  • however most is carried as hydrogen carbonate ionz
45
Q

Describe the chloride shift

A
  • Co2 dissuses into red blood cell
  • Co2 combines with H2O catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase forming carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions H+ and hydrogen carbonate ions HCO3- diffuse out of the red blood cells into the plasma
  • chloride ions Cl- diffues via facilitated diffusion into red blood cells to maintain electrochemical neutrality - the chloride shift
  • H+ bind to oxyhaemoglobin reducing its affinity for oxygen which is the bohr effect
  • oxygen is released from haemoglobin
  • oxygen diffuses from the red blood cell into the plasma and the body cells
46
Q

What is tissue fluid

A
  • a link between blood and cells
  • important as plasma transports nutrients and hormones and excreteroy products as well as distributing heat
47
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A
  • at the arterial end of the capillary bed hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure
  • water and small soluble molecules are forced through capillary walls forming tissue fluid between the cells
  • proteins and cells in the plasma are too large to be forced out
  • due to the reduced volume of blood and friction blood pressure falls and moves through the capillary
  • at the venous end of the capillary bed osmotic pressure of the blood is higher than the hydrostatic pressure
  • most of the water from the tissue fluid moves back into blood capillaries down its water potential gradients the remainer of the tissue fluid is returned to the blood via lymph vessles

Biology component 2 As (7 decks)

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