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Biology component 2 As > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification

A
  • division of living organisms into groups based on their evoluntionary relationships
  • it’s hieraral large groups are split into groups of deccreasing size
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2
Q

Why is classification phylogenetic

A
  • organisms in the same group are more closely related
    *
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3
Q

What does discrete mean in terms of classification

A
  • groups are discrete an organisms cannot belong to more than one group at the same taxinomic level
  • each group is called a taxon
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4
Q

What are the taxonomic groups from largest to smallest

A
  • kingsom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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5
Q

What is a species

A
  • a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspirng
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6
Q

What are binomial names

A
  • name is in two part first name is capatlised which is the genus and the second is lower case whcih is the species
  • species in the same genus are more closely relatd than species in different genus
  • it is italicised
  • same the world over avoiding issues with local names and language differences
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7
Q

Why does classification have a tenativde nature

A
  • based on current knowledge at the time
  • and subject to change as new information comes to light
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8
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotea

A
  • lack a nucleus
  • lack membrane bound organelles
  • 70s ribosomes
  • circular DNA
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
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9
Q

What are characteristics of animalia

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophic
  • nervous co ordination
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10
Q

What are characteristics of plantae

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • photosynthetic containing chloroplast
  • cell wall of cellulose
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11
Q

What are characteristics of fungi

A
  • heterotrophic eukaryotes
  • cell wall made of chitin
  • composed of thin threads called hyphae
  • reproduce by spores
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12
Q

What are characteristics of protoctista

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • no tissue differentiation
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13
Q

What was evidence for the three domains and where does it rank in the taxons

A
  • rRNA
  • domain is a larger taxon than a kindom
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14
Q

What are the three domains

A
  • eubacteria - true bacteria
  • archae - prokaryotic but extermophiles
  • eukarya - eukaryotic organisms
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15
Q

What are extremophiles

A
  • live where environmental conditions are harsh
  • eg high or low temperatures
  • acidic of very alkaline conditiions
  • in areas with high salinity or high pressure
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16
Q

What are phylogenetic trees

A
  • diagram that represent evolutionary pahways leading to different species
  • the axis is time which move further up the tree branches you go
  • each junction represent a common ancestor for the branched
  • more recent common ancesotr more closley related the organims are
17
Q

What is morpholigical evidence

A
  • looks at the shape and form of an organisms
  • some organims have similar morhphology but unrelated in evolutionary terms - this arises from convergent evolution
  • advantage of using biochemical anyalsis such as DNA sequencing is that it can overcome issues caused by convergent evolution
18
Q

What are homologous structures

A
  • same structure but different functions
  • pentactyl limb underlying structure in mammals, reptiles and birds but the function is different
  • indicate that organims are related
19
Q

What are analogous structures

A
  • convergent evolution
  • same function different structure origin of structure is different
  • wings in insects and birds
  • in birds it is modified by bondy pentadactly limb
  • insects wing supported by wveins aries from diffferent structure
20
Q

What are biological polymers

A
  • subunits whcih are different such as DNA, RNA or protein
  • used to etablih relatedness
  • sequences of subunits can be compared and the number of differences counted
  • more differenes there are in sequence less closely erlated two organisms are
21
Q

How do mutations relate to classification

A
  • differences in sequence are owing to mutation
  • mutations in DNA can lead to differences in amino acid sequence of proteinss
  • depending on the organisms type and reproduction rate you can see how long the mutation occured
  • mean timeline can be drawn a to where sspecies or group diverged
22
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A
  • Fragments of DNA and proteins can be seperated by gel electrophoresis
  • gel allows small fragments to move further and the electrical charge causes movement of negativley charged fragments to the positive electrode
  • banding pattern is produced calling DNA fingerprint can be used for comparison
  • sequences of DNA and amino acids can be established

Biology component 2 As (7 decks)

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