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Biology component 2 As > Adaptations for nutrition > Flashcards

Adaptations for nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

How do unicellular organisms obtain there nutrients

A
  • amoeba move around prey and enclose in a food vacuole
  • enzymes are released from lyosome and fuse with the food vacuole and the prey is digested
  • products of digestion are abrobed into the cytoplasm and the undissolved waste is egested by exocytosis
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2
Q

Describe the gut of a hydra

A
  • single food source
  • undifferentiated sac like gut with a single opening
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3
Q

Describe the gut of an earthworm

A
  • varied foods
  • tube gut with different openings for ingestion and egestion and specialised regions for the digestion of different food
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4
Q

Describe the gut of a human

A
  • omnivorous diet
  • specialised regions of the gut
  • the gut wall contain : serosa, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, sub mucose, mucosa, epithelieum
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5
Q

Describe the structure of serosa

A

tough outer coat of connective tissue

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the muscle in the gut wall

A
  • longitudinal muscle contracts to shorten the fut
  • and cicular muscle contrats to reduce diameter
  • these waves of contraction are called peristalsis force food along the gut
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7
Q

What is the structure and funcition of submucosa

A
  • contains blood and lymph vessels
  • remove digested food products
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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of mucosa

A
  • inner layer that secretes muscus for lubrication
  • in some area it secretes digestive juices in others it absorbs products
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9
Q

Describe the structure of the epithelium

A
  • layers of cells in contact with food
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10
Q

Describe the term autotrophic

A

makes complex organic mlecules from simple inorganic ones

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11
Q

Describe the term heterotrophic

A

consume complex organic food molecules

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12
Q

Describe the term photoautotrophic

A

use light as a source of energy for synthesis of food

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13
Q

Describe the term chemautotrophic

A

oxidise inorganic molecules to provide energy for the synthesis of food

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14
Q

Describe the term saprophytic

A

external digetion of ffood using seccretion of enzymes followed by absorption of the products of digestion into the organism eg fungi

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15
Q

Describe the term holozoic

A

internal digestion of food involved ingestion,absorption, assimilation and egestion

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16
Q

Describe the different trypes of proteases

A
  • endopeptidases - hydrolyse peptide bonds between specific amino acids in the middle of the polypeptide chain to form shorter polypeptide chains
  • exopeptidases - hydrolyses peptide bonds on the end of peptides form free amino end or the free carboxyl end
17
Q

What is the function of the buccal cavity

A
  • mechanical difestion of food
  • tongue moves food into cutting and grinding surfaces of teeth
  • chemical digestion of starch and glycogen into maltose by the enzyme amylase
  • saliva moisten food and also maintains pH for the enzymes
  • the tongyue rolls the food into a bolus which is swallowed
18
Q

Describe the function of the liver

A
  • produces bile
  • bile emulsifies lipids to increases surface area for lipase enzymes to diget them
  • neutralises stomach acid to create a slightly alkaline pH in the duodenum for the pancreatic enzymes
19
Q

Describe the function of the Gall blasser

A
  • store bile before delivering it to the duodenum via the bile duct
20
Q

Describe the function of the dudoenum

A
  • further digestion occurs on the epithelial cells of the villi
  • sucrose digested by sucrase into glucose and fructoe
  • maltose digested my maltase into alpha glucose
  • lactose digested by lactase into glucose and galactose
  • further digetion of polypeptides by endopeptidases and exopeptidases
21
Q

Describe the function of the ileum

A
  • amino acids are activley transported into the epitherlial cells of the villi
  • facilitated diffusion then occurs into the capillaries in the villi
  • glucose and other monosaccharides move into epithelial cells via co tranport with sodium ions
  • faciliated duffuseion then occurs into the capillaries in the villi
  • fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into epitherlial cells are reassembled into triglycerides and carried by the lacteal to the lymphatic system
22
Q

Describe the function of the oseophagus

A
  • perostaltic waves of muscle contraction push the bolus of food down to the stomach
  • mucus lubricates the way
23
Q

Describe the function of the stomach

A
  • gastric glands in the mucose produce gastric juice
  • the oxyntic cells produce hydrochloric acid that kills bacteria and lowers the pH to 2
  • the chief or peptic cells produce pesinogen the inactive precursor of the endopeptidase enzyme pepsin
  • this is activated by the HCl
  • finally the goblet cells produce mucus to protect the tomach lining
24
Q

Describe the function of the pacreas and protease in the pancreas

A
  • produces enzymes that are transported to the duodenum via the pacreativ duct
  • carbohydrase - paceatic amylase
  • protease - trpsinogen that is activated into the endopeptidase trypsin by enterokinase in the duodenum
  • pancreatic lipase enzymes digest triglycerides into monoglycerised and eventually glycerol and fatty acids
25
Q

Describe the adaptations of a carnivore to a high protein diet

A
  • canines - long and pointed to pierce flesh and sieze and kill prey
  • incisors - on upper and lower jaw grip and tear flesh
  • carnassial teeth - act like shears sliding past each other to rip muscle from bone
  • premolars and molars - have sharp cusps that cut and crush the jaws have strong muscles and moves in a vertical plane opening wide and strongly clamping down to hold prey
  • gut - relativley short, usually large stomach for digestion of mainly protein , small caecum
26
Q

Describe the adaptations of a herbivore for a high cellulose diet

A
  • premolars and molars - cheek teeth fit together jaw moves in a horizontal plane so theses interlocking teeth grind food teeth have open unrestricted roots and so grow throughout life
  • diastema - space where tongue can pish food to the grinding cheek teeth
  • incisros
  • occur on lower jaw and cu vegetation against horny pad on the upper jaw canines are abent or indistinguishable
  • very long guts for the difficult process of cellulose digestion
  • large caecum containing bacteria that produce cellulase for cellulose digestion
27
Q

Describe the process of digestion in ruminants

A
  • grass is mixed with ssaliva and then chewed forming cud before being swallowed
  • cud enters the first chamber of the stomach the rumen, cellulose digesting bacteria produce cellulase breaking down cellulose in the grass into glucose the erments into organic acids which are absorbed into the bloodstream the process produces a lot of Co2 and methan which is expelled
  • fermented cud from the rumen enters the second stomach chamber the reticulum the cud is regurgitated from here and the rumen into the mouth to be rechewed
  • rechewed cus is swallowed into the third chamber the omasum water absorption occurs here
  • from the omasum food enter the fourth chamber the abomasum where protein digestion occurs
  • the products of digestion are absorbed into blood in the small intestine
28
Q

What are parasites

A
  • live on or in a host organism obtaining nutrients from the host and harming the host
29
Q

What is an ectoparasite and give an example

A
  • lives on the surface of another organisms
  • the head louse
30
Q

What is an endoparasite and give an example

A
  • lives insside another organisms
  • pork tapeworm
31
Q

Describe the head louse and it adaptations

A
  • feed by sucking blood from the scalp
  • claws to hold onto hairs
  • lay eggs glued to base of hairs
  • tranfer between hosts is by direct contact as it cannot jump
32
Q

Describe tapeworm and it adaptation

A
  • the adult pork tapeworm lives in the guts of human
  • primary host - a larval form develoops in pigs
  • ssecondary hosst - infections of humans occurs when a person eats pork containing live larval forms (tapeworm cystss in muscle tissue)
  • the gut is hostile enviromnemt due to the prescence of various secretions and peristalsis
  • thick cuticle produce anti enzymes
  • scolex attatch to gut wall
  • reduced gut and feeds by absrobing pre digested nutrients through it cuticle
  • increase chance of infect secondary hpst it produces large number of eggs that pass out in the faeces

Biology component 2 As (7 decks)

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