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Biology Paper 1 > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the function of heart strings (tendinius cords)

A

they prevent AV valves from turning inside out as ventricular pressure increases

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2
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A

COCO

  • left ventricle contracts and pressure in ventricle increases above atrium so AV VALVE CLOSES
  • pressure in ventricle increases above aorta so SV VALVE OPENES and blood flows into aorta
  • pressure in aorta increases over ventricle so SV VALVE CLOSES
  • ventricle relaxes and pressure falls below that of the atrium so AV VALVE OPENES

cycle repeats

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3
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume(cm3) x heart rate(min-1(

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4
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle of the heart per contraction

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5
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

number if contractions (beats) per minute

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6
Q

Why does the stroke volume increase during exercise?

A
  • the rate which venous blood returns to heart increases
  • increased blood flow causes cardiac muscle to contract more strongly
  • they pump out an increased volume of blood per beat (high stroke volume)
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7
Q

How does regular exercise reduce resting heart rate?

A
  • heart muscle produces stronger contractions and ventricles become larger in size
  • leads to increased stroke volume
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8
Q

What artery and vein does blood leave/enter the kidney

A
  • renal vein
  • renal artery
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9
Q

Which veins and artery does blood leave/enter the liver?

A
  • haptic vein
  • haptic artery
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10
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

carry blood AWAY from heart at high blood pressure

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11
Q

Describe the stretch snd recoil mechanism?

A

• aorta has a lot of elastic tissue so when the left ventricle contacts the aorta stretches

• when the ventricle relaxes artery wall recoils and forces blood to body tissues

• this provides smooth flow of blood and maintains a relatively high blood pressure when ventricle relaxes

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12
Q

What are some properties of the arteries?

A

• thicker wall and smaller lumen than veins
• contain more elastic fibres and smooth muscle fibres
• no valves
• transport blood at higher pressure than veins
• carry oxygenated blood

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13
Q

What is the function of atrioles?

A

• control flow of blood to different tissues/organs by contraction/relaxation of smooth mucus

  • they can withstand high pressure in main arteries and
  • higher possession if elastic fibres and smooth muscle fibres
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14
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood TOWARDS heart under low pressure

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15
Q

What are some properties of veins

A
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • less elastic and smooth muscle fibres that arteries
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16
Q

Why do veins have a larger lumen?

A

So at low pressures blood flows back to the heart at the same rate that it leaves

17
Q

How is venous return achieved in veins?

A

by the contraction of skeletal muscles that surround veins
- when they contract they compress veins and push blood along

18
Q

Describe the capillaries

A
  • wall is one endothelial cell thick thus short diffuse pathway

-gapsbetween endothelial cell increases permeability

  • many capillaries and theyre branches so large surface area for exchange
19
Q

What gives capillaries a short diffusion pathway?

A
  • no cells are far from a capillary
  • red blood cells squeezed against capillary wall
20
Q

What is the function of blood capillaries?

A
  • supply cells with oxygen, glucose amino etc and remove waste products
21
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

• at the arteriole end of a capillary

  • high hydrostatic pressure causes filtration of blood plasma
  • water, glucose amino etc are forced out the capillary
  • large plasma protein remain
  • low WP in the capillary, and osmotic pressure smaller than hydrostatic pressure
  • so net movement is OUT capillary to form tissue fluid
22
Q

How is tissue fluid reabsorbed?

A

• at venule end of capillary

  • high frictional resistance due to loss of fluid
  • thus low hydrostatic pressure
  • large plasma protein remaining in blood maintain a low WP in capillary than tissue fluid
  • osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure so water is reabsorbed into capillary via osmosis
  • remaining tissue fluid enters lymph nodes capillary
  • lymph vessels eventually drain in blood
23
Q

What is heamoglobin?

A

an iron containing pigment which combines with oxygen to form oxygen haemoglobin

24
Q

describe haemoglobin’s structure

A

four haem units and four polypeptide chains (quaternary structure)

25
Q

How many O2 molecules can haemoglobin transport

A
  • each haem unit combines with 1 oxygen molecule so one haemoglobin molecule transports 4 oxygen molecules
26
Q

How does oxygen combine with haemoglobin?

A
  • alveoli have high concentration of oxygen
  • provides a concentration gradient for diffusion of oxygen
  • oxygen diffuses through epithelium of alveolus and endothelium of capillary
  • O2 enters red blood cell and combines with Hb
27
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin

A

transports oxygen from lungs to tissues

28
Q

How does Hb load oxygen?

A

it has a high affinity for oxygen
and quickly loads it in lungs where the partial pressure of oxygen is high

29
Q

How does Hb unload oxygen?

A

At a low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues
Hb unloads some O2 into respiring cells

30
Q

What happens when oxygen binds to one of the four haem units?

A

the tertiary structure of the three other haem units is altered
- this increases the affinity for O2 so the second oxygen molecule binds more easily and so in

31
Q

Describe the Bohr effect.

A
  • during exercise muscle cells respire more rapidly producing larger concentrations of CO2
  • the bohr effect is due to the decrease in pH as CO2 dissolves into blood plasma
  • Bohr effect ensures Hb release more O2 to active cells for increased respiration to take place
32
Q

How does the change in pH affect Hb?

A

changes the quaternary structure of Hb and lowers the affinity for oxygen
- dissociation curve moves to right as
- Hb unloads more O2 to respiring tissues

33
Q

What effect dies temperature have on the O2 dissociation curve?

A

It shifts to the right as more oxygen is released into cells

more heat is released when respiration increases

34
Q

Environment with low oxygen concentrations..

A

possess Hb with higher affinity for oxygen (loads more oxygen)
- dissociation curve moves to left

35
Q

What is Hb like in environments with high altitudes

A

high altitudes have low concentration of oxygen
- species possess Hb with higher affinity for oxygen
- Hb loads more O2 in lungs than low altitude species

36
Q

Describe Fetal haemoglobin.

A
  • has higher affinity for oxygen than maternal Hb
  • this is so oxygen can be transferred from maternal Hb to fetal Hb at low partial pressure of O2 in the placenta
37
Q

Describe myoglobin

A
  • only present in muscle
  • MUCH higher affinity for oxygen that Hb
38
Q

How does myoglobin act as a store?

A

only releases oxygen when partial pressure of O2 in tissues is VERY low
and when Hb has already released almost all the O2 it carries

  • its to the left of Hb on dissociation curve

Biology Paper 1 (8 decks)

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