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Biology Paper 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

Small units from which larger molecules are made.

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2
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

Molecules made from a large number of similar monomers joined together.

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3
Q

Give 3 exapmles of momomers.

A

Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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4
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Reaction that joins two molecules together which eliminates a water molecule.

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5
Q

What is a Hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond and involves the usage of a water molecule.

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6
Q

What elements are in a carbohydrate?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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7
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monomer of carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are glucose isomers?

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by a glycosidic formed by a condensation reaction.

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10
Q

What is the equation for Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose > Maltose + Water

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11
Q

What is the equation for Sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose > Sucrose + Water

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12
Q

What is the equation for Lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose > Lactose + Water

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13
Q

Hydrolysis of a disaccharide.

A

Breaks down disaccharide into monosaccharide with the addition of water

Maltose + Water > Glucose + Glucose

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14
Q

What does the benedicts test test for?

A

Reducing sugars

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15
Q

Describe the Qualitative Benedicts test.

A

• Add sample in tube with benedict’s solution
• heat to 95° in water bath
• If it turns brick red/orange the test is +ve
• If it remains blue then its -ve

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16
Q

What is a Semi-Quantitative Benedicts test?

A

Test where the colour intensity depends on the concentration of reducing sugar in the solution.
It is SUBJUNCTIVE

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17
Q

What do the colours mean in a Semi-Quantitative Benedict’s test?

A

Brick red - high conc of reducing sugar
Orange - medium conc
Yellow/Green - low conc
Blue - no reducing sugar

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18
Q

What is a Quantitative Benedict’s test?

A

Test carried out to obtain numerical data to compare reducing sugar concentrations in different samples.
Its OBJECTIVE

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19
Q

Describe a Quantitative Benedicts test.

A

• Do Benedict’s test on reducing sugars of know concentrations
• Variables must be controlled ( same volume of Benedicts solution, heat for same time)
• Use a colorimeter to measure the absorbance of each solution
• ploy a graph (conc on x-axis absorbance on y-axis)

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20
Q

Describe the test for a non-reducing sugar?

A

• perform benedict’s test to confirm -ve result
• Hydrolyse another sample of reducing sugar in water bath with dilute acid
• when cooled neutralise with alkali
• add same conc of benedicts solution and heat
• if brick red = positive result

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21
Q

Name three polysaccharides.

A

Cellulose
Glucogen
Starch

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22
Q

Describe polysaccharides.

A

• relatively insoluble in water
• non-reducing
• either storage or structural molecules

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23
Q

Describe Starch Molecule

A

• long chains of alpha glucose
• linked by glycosidic binfs
• large (cant cross cell surface membrane)
• insoluble (osmotically inactive)
• helical shape, compact store
• branched so glucose is easily released for respiration

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24
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Storage carb found in plants
- Stored in starch grains in the cytoplasm

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25
Q

How can you test for Starch?

A

Iodine test
• add 2-3 drops of iodine to sample
• positive result = blue/ black colour
• negative result = orange/yellow

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26
Q

Describe Glycogen.

A

• found in cytoplasm of animal cells
• similar to starch but more branched (can release glucose more rapidly)
• insoluble (osmotically inactive)
• formed by condensation of alpha glucose

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27
Q

Where is Glycogen stored?

A

Liver and Muscle tissues

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28
Q

What is the function of Glycogen?

A

Storage compound

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29
Q

Describe Cellulose

A

• polymer of beta glucose
• long straight chains
• in cell wall if plants

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30
Q

What is the function of Cellulose

A

Provides rigidity and shape to cell

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31
Q

How is the structure of Cellulose formed?

A

• beta glucose form hydrogen bonds
• hydroxyl groups form microfibrils with provide strength

32
Q

What is in a Triglyceride molecule

A

3 fatty acids
1 glycerol
joined in 3 condensation reactions

33
Q

What is the general formula for a fatty acid?

A

R-COOH

34
Q

What is a Saturated fatty acid?

A

No double binds between carbon atoms

35
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

One or more double bonds between carbon atoms

36
Q

How can you hydrolyse a Lipid?

A

• heat with acid or alkali
• use enzyme lipase at its optimum temperature and pH

37
Q

What are some of the properties of a Triglyceride?

A

• high amount of C-H bonds so release 2x energy as Carbs during respiration

• high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms releasing water when respired ( important for organisms in dry habitats)

• Non-polar, insoluble, osmotically inactive (ideal storage compounds)

• in the waxy cuticle of an insect and plant leaves to help reduce water loss

38
Q

What is in a Phospholipid?

A

1 phosphates group
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids

39
Q

Describe the Phospholipid head and tail?

A

• Polar hydrophilic head ( phosphate group) attract water
• Non-polar hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) repel water

40
Q

Describe the Phospholipid layer?

A

•Head and tail form a bilayer, two layers of phospholipids due to the tails being repelled by water
• the tails face eachother

41
Q

Outline the emulsion test.

A

• add sample to tube with ethanol
• shake so fat dissolves
• add water and mix
• white emulsion of fat = lipid present

42
Q

What properties do Triglycerides and Phospholipids share?

A

both:
- insoluble in water
- contain glycerol
- contain ester bonds

43
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

monomers that form proteins

44
Q

How are amino acids joined together.

A

By peptide bonds (CONH) formed by condensation reactions

45
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Determines shap of protein

46
Q

What is the Secondary Protein Structure

A

• Folding of the polypeptide chain
• Due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids

47
Q

What is the Tertiary Protein Structure?

A

• further folding of the polypeptide chain
• due to ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bonds

48
Q

What is a Quaternary Protein Structure?

A

• Protein’s consist of more that 1 polypeptide chain
• Held together by ionic, hydrogen and sometimes disulfide bonds

49
Q

Describe a Globular Protein.

A

• soluble and highly folded polypeptide chain
• produces a compact tertiary structure
• include enzymes and antibodies

50
Q

What is Denaturation of a protein?

A

Alteration in the tertiary structure of a protein

51
Q

What can cause denaturation of a Protein?

A

• high temperature
• breaking of hydrogen/ionic bonds
• extreme changes in pH
• heavy metals

52
Q

Describe the Biuret test for Proteins?

A

• add biuret reagent
• purple/lilac colour = protein present
• remains blue = negative

53
Q

How does water act as a Metabolite?

A

• used as a metabolite in hydrolysis and condensation
• needed for respiration
• product of respiration (important for organisms in dry habitats)

54
Q

How is water used as a Solvent?

A

• transports nutrients e.g glucose in blood
• removes excretory products (urea)
• a medium where metabolic reactions occur

55
Q

How does water regulate temperature ?

A

• has high heat capacity
• has large latent heat of vapourisation

56
Q

How does water having high heat capacity regulate temperature?

A

• means it can absorb large amount of heat energy before rising in temp
• this is bc energy is being absorbed by hydrogen bonds

  • this minimises increase in temperature in cells
  • prevents fluctuations of temperature in aquatic habitats
57
Q

How does water having latent heat of vaporisation regulate temperature?

A

• lots of energy is required to break hydrogen bonds and evaporate water
• provides cooling effect due to little loss of water thru evaporation

  • helps animals maintain constant body temp
58
Q

How does water act as an Internal support?

A

• cohesive forces (due to hydrogen bonds) support water columns in tube like transport cells
• this allows transport from roots to leaves

• water isn’t easily compressed and provides support in non woody plants via turgor pressure

59
Q

How does water act as an External support?

A

Strong cohesive forces (due to hydrogen bonds) produce surface tension where water meets air

• allows insects to walk on water or be suspended at the surface
• provides buoyancy for aquatic organisms

60
Q

What role does the inorganic ion Sodium have?

A

co transport of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes

61
Q

Role of inorganic ion Iron

A

Component of haemoglobin which transports oxygen

62
Q

Role of inorganic ion Hydrogen

A

important in determining pH thus effecting protein structure and enzyme activity

63
Q

Role of inorganic ion Phosphate

A

Important as a structural component of DNA RNA and ATP

64
Q

How do enzymes work

A

lower activation energy

65
Q

Describe the induced fit model

A

active site is flexible and can change shape ans moulds around correct substrate

66
Q

How does substrate concentration affect enzymes?

A

increases collisions between substrate and enzyme
then levels out as active site becomes taken up
rate of reaction can be increased again by adding more enzymes

67
Q

how does enzyme concentration affect enzyme reaction?

A

(substrate must me in excess)
when theres more enzymes there’s more active sites available
increasing collisions

68
Q

how does temperature affect enzyme reaction

A

gives molecules more kinetic energy meaning more collisions

after optimum temperature tertiary structures denatures as hydrogen bonds are broken

active site changes shape

69
Q

how does ph affect enzyme reaction

A

enzymes have an optimum pH
different pH from the optimum can cause denaturariom

70
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor

A

has similar structure to substrate and competes for attachment to active site

rate of reaction reduced as substrates cant bind

can be reduced by adding more substrate

71
Q

What is a non competitive inhibitor

A

binds to enzymes anywhere other than active site which alters tertiary structure

adding substrate wont reduce this

72
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

immediate energy source in biological processes

73
Q

What is in ATP

A

adenine
ribose
three phosphates

74
Q

How does ATP release energy

A

it is continuously hydrolysed

75
Q

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP + (atp hydrolase) > ADP + inorganic phosphate

76
Q

What is the equation for the syntheses of ATP

A

ADP + Pi + ( energy from respiration) > ATP

Biology Paper 1 (8 decks)

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