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Biology Paper 1 > Cells and Cell Transport > Flashcards

Cells and Cell Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What is typically in a prokaryotic cell?

A

murein cell wall
cell membrane
circular DNA
ribosomes
cytoplasm

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2
Q

What will SOMETIMES be in a prokaryotic cell?

A

• capaid
• flagellum
• plasmid

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3
Q

What are some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

• eukaryotic have nuclei
• 70s ribosomes in prokaryotic cell
• linear dna in eukaryotic
• prokaryotic organelles aren’t membrane bound

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4
Q

what is binary fission?

A

How prokaryotic cells reproduce (asexually)
they divide into two daughter cells

they form two cells then four and keep doubling

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

contain generic material and DNA which determines the shape and function of the cell

it controls protein synthesis

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6
Q

what is surrounding the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope and nuclear pores

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7
Q

What are ribosomes

A

small organelles made of protein and rRNA

can be inside cytoplasm or on RER

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

used in protein synthesis joining amino acids together

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9
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has ribosomes on its surface that produce secretory proteins
these proteins are then sent to Golgi for packaging

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10
Q

What is the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

doesnt have ribosomes
produces and transport lipids

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11
Q

What are the Golgi apparatus/vesicles?

A

• apparatus adds carbohydrates to proteins received from the RER to form glycoproteins

• package proteins into vesicles for secretion

• produces lysosomes that release
lysozymes

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12
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

these need to be kept away from the rest of the cell as they will destroy it

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13
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

Digest material taken in by phagocytosis

Relese emzymes out the cell

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14
Q

What is the function Mitochondria?

A

involved in aerobic respiration which produces ATP

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15
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A
  • bound by two membranes
    -inter membrane space between outer and inner fold membrane
  • cristae = folds of the inner membrane
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16
Q

What is the the function of the matrix in a mitochondria

A

contains enzymes for respiration and ribosomes and DNA

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17
Q

Which cells contain chloroplasts?

A

photosynthetic plant cells and algae

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18
Q

What is the stroma

A
  • surround chloroplasts and contain enzymes sugar and starch (its like the cytoplasm)
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19
Q

What is the function of thylakoids

A

form stacks called grana
- they provide a large surface area for chlorophyll molecules to absorb light

20
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

provides strength and support to the cell
- has cellulose and microfibrils

21
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

contains soluble sugars salts and pigment

22
Q

What are tissues?

A

group of similar cells that perform a specific function
they have a common origin

23
Q

What is an organ?

A

a structure containing different tissues, which has a specific function

24
Q

What is a system?

A

contains two or more organs

25
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells in the small intestine?

A

absorption and digestion of products

26
Q

What is the function of microvilli

A

provides large surface area for absorption of digested food

27
Q

What is centrifugation?

A

It separates structures by density

28
Q

How are cells prepared for centrifugation?

A

They are broken up by homogenising in an ice-cold isotonic buffer solutions in a blender.

29
Q

What is the purpose of the solution being ice cold?

A

The low temperature prevents the action of enzymes that may cause self digestion

30
Q

Whats the purpose of the isotonic solution?

A

prevents osmotic movement of water in/out of organelles which may cause them to burst

31
Q

Why is a buffer solution used?

A

to maintain the pH so enzymes aren’t denatured

32
Q

Why is the homogenate filtered?

A

to remove cell debris that didn’t burst in homogenisation

33
Q

What happens during spins?

A

Homogenate spun at low speed and the densest organelle (nuclei) will form a pellet

  • solution remaining (supernatant) is then spun again at higher speed (repeated)
34
Q

What is the orders of organelles that will be obtained during centrifugation?

A

nucleus
chloriplasts*
cell wall*
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes

35
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

•light passed through a stained specemin

36
Q

How do electron microscope work?

A

use beam of electrons with a shorter wavelength than light thus providing a greater resolution

37
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

• beam of electrons is TRANSMITTED through specemin

  • specimen should be thin and stained using heavy metal
  • they show internal structures
38
Q

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

• electron beam SCANNED across specimen

  • specimen coated with thin film of heavy metal
  • provide 3D image
  • lower resolution than TEM
39
Q

What js the equation for magnification

A

magnification = image size/ actual size

40
Q

What is in the cell membrane?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer and protein
41
Q

Why is the cell membrane described as a fluid mosaic model?

A
  • phospholipid molecules are constantly moving (fluid)
  • protein molecules unevenly distributed through membrane (mosaic)
42
Q

What can/cant easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • lipid soluble molecules can pass quickly
  • water soluble ions and polar molecules cant pass thru easily and need channel:carrier proteins
43
Q

Whats the function of cholesterol?

A

provides strength to the membrane and restricts movement of phospholipids so its less fluid and less ions are lost

44
Q

What is the golgi made of

A

flattened membrane sacs

45
Q

Where are lysosomes formed

A

golgi

Biology Paper 1 (8 decks)

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