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Biology Feedback > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the plasma consist of

A

-Oxygen
-CO2
-Minerals
-Glucose
-Amino acids
-Hormones
-Plasma Proteins
-Platelets

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2
Q

What does tissue fluid not contain

A

Most of the cells found in the blood / Plasma Proteins

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3
Q

Blood vessels order

A

Artery - Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules - Veins

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4
Q

Pressure at the arterial end of capillary

A

High hydrostatic - pushes blood fluid out of capillary
-Plasma with dissolved nutrients and O2

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5
Q

Pressure at the venous end of capillary

A

Smaller
-oncotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure
- Carries CO2/ urea back into capillaries

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6
Q

What happens to the tissue fluid that does not re-enter the blood

A
  • directed to lymph system
  • Drains excess tissue fluid and returns to blood system in subclavian vein in the chest
  • Contains more lymphocytes
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7
Q

Blood plasma / tissue fluid / lymph

A

Blood Plasma:
high hydrostatic / more negative / RBC, Neutrophils, lymph /Plasma Proteins / transported in lipoproteins

Tissue fluid:
low H / Less negative / some neutrophils / few P/ Few fats

Lymph:
Low H / Less negative / lymph / few P / More fats - near digestive system

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8
Q

Hydrostatic / Oncotic

A

Hydro:
- push fluid out into tissues
- push fluid into capillaries

Onco:
- Pull water back into blood
- Pull water into tissue fluid

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9
Q

Hydrostatic pressure definition

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel/ container

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10
Q

Hydrostatic pressure definition

A
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11
Q

Why does tissue fluid form

A

Exchange of gases and nutrients
-diffusion/facilitated/ active uptake

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12
Q

Myogenic

A

Muscle can initiate its own contraction

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13
Q

Fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contractions of atria and ventricles

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14
Q

SAN

A

Pacemaker
- Small patch of tissue that send out wave of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions

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15
Q

AVN

A

Top of interventricular septum
- delayed so atria can finish contracting

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16
Q

Advantages of double circulatory systems

A

Can regulate pressure so that lower pressure in pulmonary so does not damage the delicate capillaries, whilst systematic circulation is at a high pressure

17
Q

How is a steep concentration maintained at the lungs for O2

A

O2 is taken out of solution

18
Q

Dissociation

A

Releasing O2 from the oxyhaemoglobin

19
Q

Why doesn’t O2 associate at low p02

A

The haem groups are at the middle of the haemoglobin molecule so does not readily associate

20
Q

Conformational change

A

Slight change in the haemoglobin molecule so more O2 can readily associate

21
Q

Where is pO2 high/low

A

Arterial / venous

22
Q

Why does fetal haemoglobin need a higher affinity for O2

A

Must be able to associate where there is low pO2

23
Q

How does a fetal haemoglobin get O2 from the mother

A

Placenta (low pO2) absorbs O2 from surrounding fluid lowering the pO2 further
- means O2 diffuses from mothers blood to placenta lowering pO2 more
- causes to dissociate more

24
Q

Three ways CO2 is transported

A

5% plasma
15% carbaminohaemoglobin
85% hydro carbonate

25
Q

Formation of hydrocarbonate ions

A

1) CO2 in blood plasma diffuses into RBC
2) Combines with water to form carbonic acid (weak)
- Catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
3) Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
4)HCO3- out of plasma
5) Chloride shift to maintain charge
6) H+ ions taken out of solution to form haemoglobinic acid to stop RBC becoming too acidic

26
Q

Bohr shift

A

When H+ taken out of solution and associates with haemoglobin causes a change in tertiary structure
- more readily dissociate and less saturated with O2
- Ideal where there is lots of respiring tissue

27
Q

What does haemoglobin act as in CO2 transport

A

A buffer to stop the RBC becoming to acidic

28
Q

Diastole

A

Relax
elastics recoil - increase volume
allows blood to flow in from the vein

29
Q

Atrial systole

A

right/ left A contract
thin walls - small amount of pressure pushing blood into ventricles
- SL open / AV close

30
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Right/ Left V pump
Contraction at apex
Blood pushed upwards towards the arteries

Biology Feedback (6 decks)

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