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Biology CIE IGCSE > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

It is the main transport system of all mammals including humans, is the blood system. It is a network of tubes , called blood vessels.

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2
Q

Why is blood red?

A

Cause of a red pigment called haemoglobin.

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3
Q

What is a double and single circulatory system?

A

Double: means that blood passes through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body.

Single: means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes through the heart once.

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4
Q

What do the right and left side of the heart recieve?

A
  • The right side of the heart: receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation)
  • The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body (the systemic circulation)
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5
Q

How are the two sides of the heart separated?

A

They are separated by a muscle wall called the septum.

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6
Q

Where is blood pumped toward when in veins and arteries?

A

Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins and away from the heart in arteries.

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7
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of muscle tissue which are supplied with blood by the coronary arteries.

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8
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker muscle walls than an atria?

A

The ventricles have thicker muscle walls than the atria as they are pumping blood out of the heart and so need to generate a higher pressure.

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9
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood at high pressure around the entire body, whereas the right ventricle is pumping blood at lower pressure to the lungs.

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10
Q

What does the septum do?

A

The septum separates the two sides of the heart and so prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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11
Q

What is CHD and how does it happen?

A

Conorary heart disease: if a coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits called ‘plaques’ (mainly formed from cholesterol), the arteries are not as elastic as they should be and therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through them – leading to coronary heart disease

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12
Q

Whats the difference between partial and complete blockage of the conorary arteries?

A
  • Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina
  • Complete blockage means cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire and can no longer contract, leading to a heart attack
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13
Q

How do you reduce the risk of CHD?

A

Quit smoking

Reduce animal fats in diet and eat more fruits and vegetables – this will reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and help with weight loss if overweight

Exercise regularly – again, this will help with weight loss, decrease blood pressure and cholesterol levels and help reduce stress

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14
Q

What are some of the treatments for CHD.

A
  • Asprin
  • Angioplasty (insert small balloon into the artery to keep it open)
  • Conorary bypass surgery (surgery to divert blood flow around a blocked artery)
  • Stent( small tubes inserted into the blood vessels to keep them open)
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15
Q

What do arteries do?

A
  • Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
  • Carry oxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary artery)
  • Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres
  • Have a narrow lumen
  • Speed of flow is fast
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16
Q

What do veins do?

A
  • Carry blood at low pressure towards the heart
  • Carry deoxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary vein)
  • Have thin walls
  • Have a large lumen
  • Contain valves
  • Speed of flow is slow
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17
Q

What do capillaries do?

A
  • Carry blood at low pressure within tissues
  • Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • Have walls that are one cell thick
  • Have ‘leaky’ walls
  • Speed of flow is slow
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18
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave discs containing no nucleus but plenty of protein haemoglobin

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18
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave discs containing no nucleus but plenty of protein haemoglobin

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19
Q

What is the structure of a white blood cell?

A

Large cell containing a big nucleus, different types have slightly different structures and functions

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20
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes.

21
Q

why is plasma important?

A

Plasma is important for the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients), urea, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy

22
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration.

23
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration. They carry the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.

24
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White blood cells defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production.

25
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets are involved in helping the blood to clot

26
Q

What is the advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

It can maintain higher blood pressure which increases the speed in which the blood flows so the nutrients can be delivered and waste can be removed more quickly.

26
Q

What is the advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

It can maintain higher blood pressure which increases the speed in which the blood flows so the nutrients can be delivered and waste can be removed more quickly.

27
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

28
Q

Why is the septum important?

A

It separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood.

29
Q

Describe the blood flow on the right side of the heart.

A
  • Deoxygenated Blood flows through the right atrium from the vena cava
  • This blood passes through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle
  • The blood is then pumped out of the heart to the lungs and the right semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery
30
Q

Describe blood flow through the left side of the heart.

A
  • Blood enters into the left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
  • The blood then is pumped through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle.
  • The blood is then pumped through the left semilunar valve into aorta.
31
Q

Give 3 ways of measuring the heart?

A
  • ECG
  • Pulse rate
  • Listening to the sound of the valves
32
Q

State the effect of physical exercise on the heart rate.

A

The heart rate increases.

33
Q

Explain the effect of physical exercise on the heart rate.

A
  • Muscular contraction requires energy from respiration
  • More respiration requires more oxygen and more carbon dioxide
  • Heart pumps faster to provide more oxygen to the muscles fore respiration and to remove the carbon dioxide more quickly
34
Q

What drugs are used to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

Aspirin(prevents blood clots from forming that can block the blood vessel)

35
Q

Name the artery that supplies blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery.

36
Q

Name the vein that takes blood away from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary vein.

37
Q

Name the main artery that takes blood away from the heart

A

Aorta.

38
Q

Name the main vein that takes blood away from the heart

A

Vena cava

39
Q

Name the main vein that takes blood away from the heart

A

Vena cava

40
Q

Name the artery that takes blood to the kidneys.

A

The renal artery

41
Q

Name the vein that takes blood away from the kidneys.

A

The renal vein

42
Q

What are the functions of arterioles?

A

They are vessels that are narrower than arteries and connects them to the cappilaries.

43
Q

What are the functions of venules?

A

They are vessels that are wider than cappilaries and connect them to the vein.

44
Q

What are shunt vessels?

A

Small blood vessels that can change size and are used to control the amount of blood that flows in a certain area

45
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A system of vessels and lymph nodes that are involved in returning tissue fluid to the blood and in immunity.

46
Q

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

A
  • Preventing excess blood loss

- To prevent pathogens from entering the wound

47
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting

A

Process used to stop bleeding from damaged blood vessels by creating a mesh by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

48
Q

Describe the transfer of nutrients at capillarries

A

Transporting substances like ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Biology CIE IGCSE (21 decks)

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