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transport and defense in animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the need for a transport system in large multi cellular organisms

A

Large animals have a large volume in relation to their surface area. Substances would therefore take a long time to diffuse from the air into the body and would get to cells deep in the body at a slower rare than they are needed

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2
Q

The transportation of dissolved food

A

Dissolve food is transported from the ileum where it is absorbed two cells of the body to be used for respiration, stored, converted to other materials.

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3
Q

Nitrogenous waste to be transported

A

Transported from cells were produced, transported to the kidneys to be excreted

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4
Q

Oxygen to be transported

A

Transported from the lungs where it diffuses into the body then transported to body cells to be used for respiration.

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5
Q

Carbon dioxide to be transported

A

Transported from body cells where it is produced in respiration to your lungs where it is excreted

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6
Q

Hormones to be transported

A

Transported from the endocrine glands where they are produced to Organs where their effects are needed.

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7
Q

White blood cells including antibodies to be transported

A

Transported from bone marrow where they are produced to where there are infections or invasions by microorganisms.

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8
Q

Transport system

A

This is also known as your circulatory system.

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9
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

The circulatory system is made up of:

The heart, which is a pump

The blood, which is the fluid being pumped and contains all the materials to be transported around the body

The blood vessels through which blood flows to get to and from the cells, these are the arteries, veins and capillaries

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10
Q

What is the rule of the atrium?

A

The Atrium receives blood

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11
Q

What is the rule of The ventricle

A

The ventricle pumps blood away

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12
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

From the right atrium blood passes through the tricuspid valve

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13
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and follows into the left atrium and passes through the bicuspid valve

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14
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

The bicuspid and tricuspid valve, also known as the atrioventricular valves, and show us that blood flows in One Direction Through the Heart only

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15
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

Semi-lunar valves are found at the start of the pulmonary artery and aorta. They prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles when they relax

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16
Q

Systole

A

The lub sound is made during ventricular systole and the blood is forced against the clothes tricuspid and bicuspid valves

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17
Q

Diastole

A

The dub sound is made during ventricular diastole when blood impacts on the clues semilunar valve in the aorta and pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What is the rate of the heart controlled by

A

It is controlled by The Peacemaker, which is found in the muscles between the ventricles

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19
Q

What are the three main blood vessels?

A

Artery
Capillary
Veen

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20
Q

Arterioles

A

An arteriole branches into smaller and smaller vessels called arterioles. These Branch into smaller and smaller vessels until the vessels are very small and the walls are only one cell thick. These vessels are called capillaries

21
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillary flow in between the cells of all guns and the exchange of substances food, oxygen, water, ECT takes place at this level

22
Q

Venules

A

Capillaries join together to form larger and larger vessels called venules, which then join to form veins which carry blood back to the heart

23
Q

Information on arteries

A

Thick elastic walls which withstand the high pressure of blood and absorb some of the energy of the pulse

Carry blood away from the heart

High pressure

Blood flows rapidly in pulse is created by contractions of the ventricles

Lie deep within the body

No valves present

24
Q

Additional information on capillaries

A

Walls are one cell across then enough for diffusion to take place easily

Carry blood to cell from the tissues and organs

Blood pressure decreases along the length of the capillaries

Blood flow is smooth and slow

As it flows through a capillary Network the blood loses oxygen two blood cells on Gaines carbon dioxide

Run through the tissues

Contain no valves

25
Q

Additional information on veins

A

Thin elastic walls

Carry blood toward the heart

Smooth and slow flow

Carry deoxygenated blood, except the pulmonary vein

Lie close to the body surface

Valves present in the backflow because the push of the heart is not felt there

26
Q

What is the role and function of the coronary arteries?

A

The tissue of the heart is supplied with oxygen by the coronary arteries

27
Q

What are the percentages that make up blood?

A

Blood is made up of 55% blood plasma and 45% blood cells.

28
Q

What are the men blood cells

A

The mean to blood cell types are red and white. They are also fragments off cells called platelets

29
Q

Red blood cells

A

Biconcave disc sheep give large surface area for diffusion

Have no nucleus so only live for 3 to 4 months

New cells constantly made in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and spleen

Contain red pigment hemoglobin which combines with and releases oxygen rapidly

1 mm Cube of blood contains about 5 million of these cells

30
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen combined with hemoglobin, from the lungs to tissue whether oxygen is giving up rapidly

31
Q

White blood cells

A

Two main types of white blood cells phagocytes and lymphocytes

Phagocytes
Move like amoeba bye pseudopodia can move through capillary walls two sites of infection

Formed in bone marrow

Lob nucleus

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies

I formed in lymph nodes and spleen

Round nucleus

32
Q

Functions of white blood cells

A

Phagocytes
Engulf diseases causing organisms at site of infection

Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies that kill pathogens by causing them to come together and neutralize their toxins

33
Q

Platelets or thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments
No nucleus
Formed in the bone marrow of Lone bones

34
Q

Function of platelets or thrombocytes

A

Help blood to clot to prevent loss

35
Q

Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus

A

Red blood cells are so full of hemoglobin that there is no space for a nucleus.

36
Q

Blood clotting

A

A series of reactions takes place at a site of a cut vessel which results in the formation of fibrin, and insoluble fibrous protein which traps blood cells and plugs the gap.

37
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

Loss of blood from a vessel is called a hemorrhage I’m losing a lot of blood results in death

38
Q

What is the chemical reaction that causes blood clotting

A

Google it

39
Q

What are the major blood groups

A

The major blood groups ah, A, B, AB and O

40
Q

what is the result of mixing the wrong types of blood

A

The red cells with a stick together

41
Q

What are blood type groups based on

A

Blood types of beast on proteins, called antigens, and the percent on the surface of red blood cells.

42
Q

What will happen if the antibody matches the antigen

A

The red blood cells stick together on the transfusion will not be successful

43
Q

What is hypertension

A

Hypertension is the persistent high blood pressure

44
Q

How does the skin defend the body against microorganisms

A

The skin in the body is the first line of defense, it acts as a physical barrier. When they are bricks in the Bay Area the body reacts to produce blood clots and meshworks of fibrous scar tissues the opening thus blocked

45
Q

What is our second line of defense

A

All the second line of defense is called the phagocytes a type of white blood cell

46
Q

If the second line of defense is unsuccessful what is done

A

Specific pathogens enter, Then an immune response is activated, another kind of white blood cell, called lymphocytes recognizes the specific pathogen and mobilize other lymphocytes to make antibodies to attack, destroy, disarm and remove these pathogens

47
Q

Antigens and antibodies

A

Anything that is foreign or different and causes antibody formation is called an antigen

48
Q

What will happen if a specific antigen invades a second time

A

Memory lymphocytes will immediately recognize them, and rapidly make large amounts of the specific antibody

bio 5 (6 decks)

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