Transport Across Cell Membranes

Question 1

describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure

Answer 1

-molecules free to move laterally in phospholipid bilayer
-many components - phospholipids, proteins,
glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 2

describe the arrangement of the components of a cell membrane

Answer 2

-phospholipids form a bilayer - fatty acid tails face inwards, phosphate heads face outwards
-proteins
○ intrinsic / integral proteins span bilayer eg. channel and carrier proteins
○ extrinsic / peripheral proteins on surface of membrane
-glycolipids (lipids with polysaccharide chains attached) found on exterior surface
-glycoproteins (proteins with polysaccharide chains attached) found on exterior surface
-cholesterol (sometimes present) bonds to phospholipid hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 3

explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell membrane

Answer 3

-bilayer, with water present on either side
-hydrophobic fatty acid tails repelled from water so point away from water / to interior
-hydrophilic phosphate heads attracted to water so point to water

Question 4

explain the role of cholesterol (sometimes present) in cell membranes

Answer 4

-restricts movement of other molecules making up membrane
-so decreases fluidity (and permeability) / increases rigidity

Question 5

suggest how cell membranes are adapted for other functions

Answer 5

-phospholipid bilayer is fluid → membrane can bend for vesicle formation/ phagocytosis
-glycoproteins / glycolipids act as receptors / antigens → involved in cell signalling / recognition

Question 6

describe how movement across membranes occurs by simple diffusion

Answer 6

-lipid-soluble (non-polar) or very small substances eg. O2, steroid hormones
-move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower conc, down a conc. gradient
-across phospholipid bilayer
-passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)

Question 7

explain the limitations imposed by the nature of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

-restricts movement of water soluble (polar) & larger substances eg. Na+ / glucose
-due to hydrophobic fatty acid tails in interior of bilayer

Question 8

describe how movement across membranes occurs by facilitated diffusion

Answer 8

-water-soluble / polar / charged (or slightly larger) substances eg. glucose, amino acids
-move down a concentration gradient
-through specific channel / carrier proteins
-passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)

Question 9

explain the role of carrier and channel proteins in facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

-shape / charge of protein determines which substances move
-channel proteins facilitate diffusion of water-soluble substances
○ hydrophilic pore filled with water
○ may be gated - can open / close
-carrier proteins facilitate diffusion of (slightly larger) substances
○ complementary substance attaches to binding site
○ protein changes shape to transport substance

Question 10

describe how movement across membranes occurs by osmosis

Answer 10

-water diffuses / moves
-from an area of high to low water potential (ψ) / down a water potential gradient
-through a partially permeable membrane
-passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)

Question 11

what is water potential

Answer 11

-a measure of how likely water molecules are to move out of a solution

Question 12

water potential of pure water

Answer 12

-has the maximum possible ψ (0 kPA)

Question 13

how does increasing solute concentration affect water potential

Answer 13

-decreases ψ

Question 14

describe how movement across membranes occurs by active transport

Answer 14

-substances move from area of lower to higher concentration / against a concentration gradient
-requiring hydrolysis of ATP and specific carrier proteins

Question 15

describe the role of carrier proteins and the importance of the hydrolysis of ATP in active transport

Answer 15

1. complementary substance binds to specific carrier protein
2. ATP binds, hydrolysed into ADP + Pi, releasing energy
3. carrier protein changes shape, releasing substance on side of higher concentration
4. Pi released → protein returns to original shape

Question 16

describe how movement across membranes occurs by co-transport

Answer 16

-two different substances bind to and move simultaneously via a co-transporter protein (type of carrier protein)
-movement of one substance against its concentration gradient is often coupled with the movement of another down its concentration gradient

Question 17

describe an example that illustrates co-transport (absorption of sodium ions and glucose (or amino acids) by cells lining the ileum)

Answer 17

1-Na+ actively transported from epithelial cells to blood (by Na+/K+ pump)
● establishing a conc.gradient of Na+ (higher in lumen than epithelial cell)
2 - Na+ enters epithelial cell down its concentration gradient with glucose against its concentration gradient
● via a co-transporter protein
3 - glucose moves down a conc. gradient into blood via facilitated diffusion

Question 18

what can the movement of sodium in co transport be considered

Answer 18

-indirect / secondary active transport
-as it is reliant on a concentration gradient established by active transport

Question 19

describe how surface area affects the rate of movement across cell membranes

Answer 19

-increasing surface area of membrane increases rate of movement

Question 20

describe how number of channel or carrier proteins affect the rate of movement across cell membranes

Answer 20

-increasing number of channel / carrier proteins increases rate of facilitated diffusion / active transport

Question 21

describe how differences in gradients of concentration affect the rate of movement across cell membranes

Answer 21

-increasing concentration gradient increases rate of simple diffusion
-increasing concentration gradient increases rate of facilitated diffusion
○ until number of channel / carrier proteins becomes a limiting factor as all in use / saturated

Question 22

describe how differences in water potential affect the rate of movement across cell membranes

Answer 22

-increasing water potential gradient increases rate of osmosis

Question 23

explain the adaptations of some specialised cells in relation to the rate of transport across their internal and external membranes

Answer 23

-cell membrane folded eg. microvilli in ileum → increase in surface area
-more protein channels / carriers → for facilitated diffusion (or active transport - carrier proteins only)
-large number of mitochondria → make more ATP by aerobic respiration for active transport