Proteins

Question 1

what are proteins

Answer 1

large polymers made up of monomers called amino acids

Question 2

how are the amino acids in proteins arranged

Answer 2

in a series of structures to create the finished 3D protein

Question 3

what is the maximum number of levels of structural arrangements in a protein

Answer 3

four

Question 4

what are protein polymer chains called

Answer 4

polypeptides

Question 5

how are polypeptides created

Answer 5

-on ribosomes in cells
-then further folded and modified in the Golgi apparatus

Question 6

how many different amino acids are there

Answer 6

20

Question 7

what does the general structure of an amino acid consist of

Answer 7

-a central carbon
-an amine group (NH2)
-a hydrogen atom
-a carboxyl group (COOH)
-the variable group (R group)

Question 8

what makes the 20 amino acids different

Answer 8

they have a different R group

Question 9

what do amino acids join up to create

Answer 9

the polypeptide polymer

Question 10

how are amino acids joined up

Answer 10

condensation reactions

Question 11

how are amino acids held together when they join together

Answer 11

peptide bonds

Question 12

what is the first structure that forms in the creation of a protein

Answer 12

the polypeptide chain

Question 13

what is the primary structure

Answer 13

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 14

what determines the order the amino acids are bonded in

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

what does the specific order of amino acids alter

Answer 15

-where the bonds occur
-how the protein folds

Question 16

what does the primary structure determine

Answer 16

-the final 3D shape
-the proteins function

Question 17

how many different amino acids can form the primary structure

Answer 17

20

Question 18

explain the secondary structure

Answer 18

the sequence of amino acids causes parts of a protein molecule to bend into an alpha helix or fold into beta pleated sheets

Question 19

how is the secondary structure held into place

Answer 19

-hydrogen bonds form between the carboxyl groups of one amino acid and the amine group of another

Question 20

describe the tertiary structure

Answer 20

-the further folding of the secondary structure
-to create a unique 3D structure
-held in place by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds

Question 21

where do disulphide bonds form

Answer 21

between the R groups of two amino acids that contain sulfur

Question 22

how does the secondary structure form a precise 3D shape

Answer 22

it is bent and folded

Question 23

how to identify a protein with a quaternary structure

Answer 23

-it is made up of more than one polypeptide chain
-it is still folded into a 3D shape and held by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds

Question 24

example of a protein with quaternary structure

Answer 24

haemoglobin (4 polypeptide chains)

Question 25

what is a group attached to a protein but not made up of amino acids called

Answer 25

a prosthetic group

Question 26

how can a protein with a prosthetic group described

Answer 26

as a conjugated protein