Translation and Other shit Flashcards
What is the central dogma
The central dogma controls the movement of genetic information and controls replication, transcription and translation.
How does RNA differ from DNA
RNA - Has ribose, is single stranded, contains Uracil instead of Thymine. There are 3 types of RNA
-rRNA - Ribosomal RNA
-mRNA - messenger RNA
-tRNA - Transfer RNA
DNA - Is double stranded, contains Thymine
What is tRNA
tRNA is transfer RNA and transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make protiens
What is mRNA
mRNA is messenger RNA that carries the genetic message
What is rRNA
rRNA is ribosomal RNA and is found in ribosomes
Explain transcription
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, it starts at the promoter where RNA polymerase unwinds and unzips DNA. Nucleotides are then added A-U C-G. Only one side of DNA is transcribed (template strand). It is made from 5’ to 3’ and ends at the terminator. mRNA then leaves and DNA bonds back together. In eukaryotes, mRNA is edited to become mature mRNA. Introns are the sections that are removed and exons are the parts that are kept to make the final mRNA to code for a protein.
Explain translation
Transcribed mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. The mRNA binds to a ribosome which then moves to the codon AUG. A tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon binds to the mRNA codon; the tRNA also carries a specific amino acid. A second tRNA with a complementary anticodon bonds to the next codon: it brings a specific amino acid. The two amino acids form a peptide bond with one another, the first amino acid detaches from its tRNA, the empty tRNA leaves. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA from 5’ to 3’, more tRNAs come, binds to the codons and drop off amino acids. When the ribosome reached the top codon, UAA, UAG, or UGA, translation stops .
What is the difference between Transcription and Translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code. Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.
What is the first level of protein folding
The primary structure is the first stage of protein folding and is the sequence of amino acids.
What is the second level of protein folding
Shape obtained when polypeptides folds and twist due to hydrogen bonds either an Alpha helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
What is the third level of protein folding
Tertiary structure = large scale 3-D shape obtained when side groups of amino acids make covalent bonds or ionic bonds, etc.
What is the fourth level of protein folding
Quaternary Structure = two or more polypeptide chains group together
Ex. Keratin, hemoglobin.
Why is protein folding important
Proteins need to be folded into a specific three dimensional shape
What are the different types of mutations and what are there affects
Point mutation = a mutation that involves a single nucleotide substitution, May have no effect due to redundant genetic code, May change the amino acids, May create a premature stop signal
Frameshift mutation = inserting or deleting nucleotides, change the way codons read, shifts the “frame”
How can changes in DNA result in disease
Changes in DNA can result in malformed or missing proteins.
