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Haematology > Transfusion Science > Flashcards

Transfusion Science Flashcards

1
Q

How antigens on rbcs (identified by international society of blood transfusion)?

A

600+

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2
Q

What is a blood group?

A

A series of antigens exhibiting similar seriological and physiological characteristics and inherited in a specific pattern.

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3
Q

How many major blood group systems?

A

30

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4
Q

Name the 6 antigens of the Kell blood group

A

K, k, kpa, kpb, jsa, jsb

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5
Q

What type of antibodies are produced against red cell antigens?

A

IgG and IgM

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6
Q

Why are antibodies to ABO system already present in blood (before exposure)?

A

Due to exposure to microorganisms and food with similar stucture.

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7
Q

What percentage of people have AB antigens?

A

55%

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8
Q

Who discovered the ABO system?

A

Karl Landsteiner 1901

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9
Q

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group O

A

No antigens, antibodies A and B, frequency 45%

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10
Q

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group A

A

Antigens A,anti- b antibodies, 43%

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11
Q

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group B

A

Antigen B, antibodies to A, 9%

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12
Q

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group AB

A

A and b antigens, no antibodies, 3%

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13
Q

What chromosome are the ABO genes on?

A

Chromosome 9

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14
Q

Which is the dominant gene A or B?

A

They codominate

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15
Q

What does the A gene code for?

A

A glycosyltransferase with an amino sugar derivative called N-acetylgalactosamine

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16
Q

What does the B gene code for?

A

A glycosyltransferase with a sugar product galactose (added onto common antigen H)

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17
Q

What does the O gene code for?

A

Nothing. The O gene has a 1bp deletion making it non functioning

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18
Q

What are the AB antigen structures

A

Carbohydrate structure attached to a lipid.

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19
Q

At what age do you start to develop ABO antigens?

A

3-6mts

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20
Q

At what age do antibody levels reach adult titre?

A

5 years

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21
Q

Does IgM cross the placenta?

A

No

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22
Q

When was the Rh system discovered and who discovered it?

A

1939 by Levine and Stetson

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23
Q

How many antigens in the Rh system and which are most clinically important?

A

49 antigens. Most important= D, C, c, E, and e

24
Q

Which antigen in the Rh system is most clinically significant?

A

D

25
Q

How many times does the Rh protein cross the cell membrane?

A

12 times

26
Q

What chromosome is the C/c, E,e gene encoded on?

A

Chromosome 1

27
Q

C/c and E,e antigens are encoded by the same gene . What type of antigens are these?

A

Antithetical

28
Q

What is the Tippit (1993) theory on Rh inheritance?

A

2 genes- RhD encodes D or no D and RHCE encodes Ee, Ce, cE or CE

29
Q

What is he Fisher Race theory on Rh inheritance?

A

3 genes inherited together as a group- 8 haplotypes

30
Q

What is the Weiners theory on Rh inheritance?

A

A single locus with 8 alleles- each antigen is bound by 3 antibodies

31
Q

What are the phenotypes of R1, R2, R0 and RZ?

A 
CDe= R1
cDE= R2
cDe= R0
CDE= RZ
32
Q

What are the phenotypes of r’, r’’, r, ry

A

r’=Cde
R”= cdE
r =cde
ry= CdE

33
Q

What is the dominant Rh antibody?

A

IgG

34
Q

Name 2 disorders associated with Rh antibodies.

A

Haemolytic disease of Newborns (HDN) and haemolytic transduction reaction (HTR)

35
Q

How are Rh antibodies removed from the body?

A

Extravascular haemolysis (macrophages) in spleen.

36
Q

True or false partial D people should be grouped with D- for infusion

A

True

37
Q

Wha is the most common Rh phenotype? (30%)

A

R’r CDe/cde

38
Q

What chromosome is the Kell genes located?

A

Chromosome 7

39
Q

Name the 3 alleles of the Kell system

A

K/k, Kpa/kph, Jsa/Jsb

40
Q

Do the Kell genes codominate?

A

Yes

41
Q

What are the most clinically important Kell genes?

A

K and k

42
Q

What is the most common Kell phenotype? And what is its %?

A

K- k+ (91%)

43
Q

What is the dominant anti-k antibody and at what temperature does is react best at?

A

IgG, reacts best at 37 degrees

44
Q

The KIDD system consists of two antigens. What are the antigens and what are they called?

A

Jka and Jkb they are both glycoproteins

45
Q

What is the most common Kidd phenotype and what is its percentage?

A

Jk(a+b+) 50%

46
Q

What chromosome is the Kidd genes encoded on?

A

Chromosome 18

47
Q

What is the predominant antibody of the Kidd system?

A

IgG and IgM

48
Q

What are the antigens of the Duffy system called, what chromosome?

A

Fya and Fyb, chromosome 1

49
Q

What are the antigens of the Duffy system?

A

Glycoproteins on RBCs that produce cytokines during inflammation

50
Q

What does Fy(a-b-) confer resistance to?

A

Plasmodium vivax

51
Q

What is the most common Duffy system phenotype?

A

Fy(a+b+) 49%

52
Q

What is the Duffy system antibody?

A

IgG

53
Q

What are the most important antigens in the MVS system?

A

M, N+, S, s

54
Q

What are the MNS antigens?

A

Glycoproteins that span the membrane on RBcs

55
Q

What are the anti-m antibodies and what do they react best at

A

IgM, 4 degrees saline

56
Q

What are the anti-s antibodies and what do they react best at?

A

IgG, at37 degrees

57
Q

True or false? Anti-m causes HTR for active at 4 degrees

A

False! It causes HTR if active at 37 degrees

Haematology (9 decks)

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