Transfusion Science

Question 1

How antigens on rbcs (identified by international society of blood transfusion)?

Answer 1

600+

Question 2

What is a blood group?

Answer 2

A series of antigens exhibiting similar seriological and physiological characteristics and inherited in a specific pattern.

Question 3

How many major blood group systems?

Answer 3

30

Question 4

Name the 6 antigens of the Kell blood group

Answer 4

K, k, kpa, kpb, jsa, jsb

Question 5

What type of antibodies are produced against red cell antigens?

Answer 5

IgG and IgM

Question 6

Why are antibodies to ABO system already present in blood (before exposure)?

Answer 6

Due to exposure to microorganisms and food with similar stucture.

Question 7

What percentage of people have AB antigens?

Answer 7

55%

Question 8

Who discovered the ABO system?

Answer 8

Karl Landsteiner 1901

Question 9

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group O

Answer 9

No antigens, antibodies A and B, frequency 45%

Question 10

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group A

Answer 10

Antigens A,anti- b antibodies, 43%

Question 11

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group B

Answer 11

Antigen B, antibodies to A, 9%

Question 12

Name the antigen, antibodies premier and frequency of blood group AB

Answer 12

A and b antigens, no antibodies, 3%

Question 13

What chromosome are the ABO genes on?

Answer 13

Chromosome 9

Question 14

Which is the dominant gene A or B?

Answer 14

They codominate

Question 15

What does the A gene code for?

Answer 15

A glycosyltransferase with an amino sugar derivative called N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 16

What does the B gene code for?

Answer 16

A glycosyltransferase with a sugar product galactose (added onto common antigen H)

Question 17

What does the O gene code for?

Answer 17

Nothing. The O gene has a 1bp deletion making it non functioning

Question 18

What are the AB antigen structures

Answer 18

Carbohydrate structure attached to a lipid.

Question 19

At what age do you start to develop ABO antigens?

Answer 19

3-6mts

Question 20

At what age do antibody levels reach adult titre?

Answer 20

5 years

Question 21

Does IgM cross the placenta?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

When was the Rh system discovered and who discovered it?

Answer 22

1939 by Levine and Stetson

Question 23

How many antigens in the Rh system and which are most clinically important?

Answer 23

49 antigens. Most important= D, C, c, E, and e

Question 24

Which antigen in the Rh system is most clinically significant?

Answer 24

D

Question 25

How many times does the Rh protein cross the cell membrane?

Answer 25

12 times

Question 26

What chromosome is the C/c, E,e gene encoded on?

Answer 26

Chromosome 1

Question 27

C/c and E,e antigens are encoded by the same gene . What type of antigens are these?

Answer 27

Antithetical

Question 28

What is the Tippit (1993) theory on Rh inheritance?

Answer 28

2 genes- RhD encodes D or no D and RHCE encodes Ee, Ce, cE or CE

Question 29

What is he Fisher Race theory on Rh inheritance?

Answer 29

3 genes inherited together as a group- 8 haplotypes

Question 30

What is the Weiners theory on Rh inheritance?

Answer 30

A single locus with 8 alleles- each antigen is bound by 3 antibodies

Question 31

What are the phenotypes of R1, R2, R0 and RZ?

Answer 31

``` CDe= R1 cDE= R2 cDe= R0 CDE= RZ ```

Question 32

What are the phenotypes of r', r'', r, ry

Answer 32

r'=Cde R"= cdE r =cde ry= CdE

Question 33

What is the dominant Rh antibody?

Answer 33

IgG

Question 34

Name 2 disorders associated with Rh antibodies.

Answer 34

Haemolytic disease of Newborns (HDN) and haemolytic transduction reaction (HTR)

Question 35

How are Rh antibodies removed from the body?

Answer 35

Extravascular haemolysis (macrophages) in spleen.

Question 36

True or false partial D people should be grouped with D- for infusion

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Wha is the most common Rh phenotype? (30%)

Answer 37

R'r CDe/cde

Question 38

What chromosome is the Kell genes located?

Answer 38

Chromosome 7

Question 39

Name the 3 alleles of the Kell system

Answer 39

K/k, Kpa/kph, Jsa/Jsb

Question 40

Do the Kell genes codominate?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

What are the most clinically important Kell genes?

Answer 41

K and k

Question 42

What is the most common Kell phenotype? And what is its %?

Answer 42

K- k+ (91%)

Question 43

What is the dominant anti-k antibody and at what temperature does is react best at?

Answer 43

IgG, reacts best at 37 degrees

Question 44

The KIDD system consists of two antigens. What are the antigens and what are they called?

Answer 44

Jka and Jkb they are both glycoproteins

Question 45

What is the most common Kidd phenotype and what is its percentage?

Answer 45

Jk(a+b+) 50%

Question 46

What chromosome is the Kidd genes encoded on?

Answer 46

Chromosome 18

Question 47

What is the predominant antibody of the Kidd system?

Answer 47

IgG and IgM

Question 48

What are the antigens of the Duffy system called, what chromosome?

Answer 48

Fya and Fyb, chromosome 1

Question 49

What are the antigens of the Duffy system?

Answer 49

Glycoproteins on RBCs that produce cytokines during inflammation

Question 50

What does Fy(a-b-) confer resistance to?

Answer 50

Plasmodium vivax

Question 51

What is the most common Duffy system phenotype?

Answer 51

Fy(a+b+) 49%

Question 52

What is the Duffy system antibody?

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

What are the most important antigens in the MVS system?

Answer 53

M, N+, S, s

Question 54

What are the MNS antigens?

Answer 54

Glycoproteins that span the membrane on RBcs

Question 55

What are the anti-m antibodies and what do they react best at

Answer 55

IgM, 4 degrees saline

Question 56

What are the anti-s antibodies and what do they react best at?

Answer 56

IgG, at37 degrees

Question 57

True or false? Anti-m causes HTR for active at 4 degrees

Answer 57

False! It causes HTR if active at 37 degrees