Haematology1

Question 1

What factors does APTT measure

Answer 1

ii, V,viii,Ix, X, XI, Xii

Question 2

Normal APTT time

Answer 2

26-40

Question 3

Common causes of delayed APTT

Answer 3

Heparin, liver disease, DIC, Factor deficiency of VIII, IX, XI, XII, lupus anticoagulant

Question 4

What is the opposite of heparin?

Answer 4

Protein Sulphate

Question 5

Normal PT time?

Answer 5

11-16 seconds

Question 6

True or false prothrombin time measures the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Causes of prolonged pt?

Answer 7

Oral anticoagulants (warfarin), liver disease, vitamin k deficiency, DIC

Question 8

What factors does PT measure?

Answer 8

2,5,7,,10 and fibrinogen

Question 9

What does thrombophlastin do?

Answer 9

It is a plasma protein that AIDS coagulation by catalysing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Question 10

What is INR

Answer 10

International normalised ratio- used to standardise oral anticoagulation therapy

Question 11

How do u calculate INR

Answer 11

= [pt of patient / or of control ] isi

Isi = international sensitivity

Question 12

How is fibrinogen tested

Answer 12

Clauss technique- time f fibrin clot formation

Question 13

What is a normal range of fibrinogen

Answer 13

1.8-3.6 g/l

Question 14

What is thrombin time?

Answer 14

Rate of conversion of fibrinogen to thrombin

Question 15

What are fibrin degradation products called

Answer 15

D-dimers

Question 16

What is lupus anticoagulant

Answer 16

Antibody that binds to phospholipids and protein

Question 17

What does a USs doppler measure?

Answer 17

Ultrasound that measures blood flow through a blood vessel

Question 18

Is haematocrit required to determine clotting range for a patient?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What 6 FBC parameters are directly measured?

Answer 19

Haemaglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelets, red cell distribution width, mean cell volume

Question 20

How is mean cell haemoglobin calculated

Answer 20

Hb/ rbc

Question 21

How is mean cellular haemoglobin concentration calculated?

Answer 21

Mchc= hb/haematocrit (PCV) %

Question 22

How is haematocrit calculated?

Answer 22

PCV=rbc x mcv

Question 23

What does ESR measure?

Answer 23

Rate at which red cells stick together and sediment

Question 24

Why do red cells stick together during poor health?

Answer 24

Red cells normally have electrostatic charge that separates them- gamma globulins and acute phase proteins neutralise electrostatic charge

Question 25

In an optical counting system with laser light scatter and fluorescence methodology what does the forward light scatter measure?

Answer 25

Cell size

Question 26

In an optical counting system with laser light scatter and fluorescence methodology what does the side light scatter measure?

Answer 26

Internal cellular complexity

Question 27

What is the Siemens Advia rbc method

Answer 27

Uses a volume/haemoglobin concentration cytogram-

Question 28

What is the perox method used for and what two signals does it measure?

Answer 28

Used to measure white cells. It measures scatter signal to determine volume of cells and absorption signal for perox ideas activity

Question 29

What white cells do. It stain with peroxidase?

Answer 29

Lymphocytes

Question 30

What are romanowski stains?

Answer 30

Used for blood films- made of eosin, methylene blue buffered to ph6.8

Question 31

What does eosin stain?

Answer 31

Red cells and eosinophilic granules red/orange

Question 32

What dos methylene blue stain?

Answer 32

Chromatin, neutrophilic and basophilic granules and cytoplasm blue and purple

Question 33

What is a delta check?

Answer 33

Difference between a patients previous results and current result which exceeds predefined limit

Question 34

Are bacterial infections associated with neutrophilia or neutropenia?

Answer 34

Neutrophilia

Question 35

Is lymphocytosis associated with viral infections, bacterial infections or both?

Answer 35

Both

Question 36

Allergic diseases, parasitic infection, IBS and auto immune disease may cause what?

Answer 36

Eosinophilia

Question 37

Chronic infection, chronic inflammation and myloproliferative disorders are associated with an increase in white type of cell?

Answer 37

Monocytes - monocytosis

Question 38

What are the main causes of thrombocytosis?name 3

Answer 38

Reactive (infection/inflammation)' bleeding, trauma, surgery, malignant disease

Question 39

Name 5 causes f thrombocytopenia

Answer 39

``` ACute leukaemias DIC Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Liver disease/ alcohol abuse Post viral infection ```

Question 40

What type of anaemia is associated with mixed vitb12/folate deficiency, haemolytic anaemias, renal failure, liver failure and pregnancy

Answer 40

Normocytic normochromic

Question 41

Vitb12/folate deficiency, haemolytic anaemias and drugs that interfere with Dan synthesis cause what type of red blood cells

Answer 41

Macrocytosis

Question 42

What type of red blood cells are associated with b-thalassaemaias and iron deficiency ?

Answer 42

Microcytosis

Question 43

Renal disease is associated with what type of rbc

Answer 43

Acantocytes

Question 44

Which malaria is relatively uncommon in Africa?

Answer 44

Plasmodium vivax

Question 45

Which malaria is found mainly in tropical Africa. Especially western coast

Answer 45

P. Ovale

Question 46

Where'd s p.falciparin found?

Answer 46

Widespread , mainly tropics and subtropics

Question 47

Where is p.malaria found?

Answer 47

Broad, spotty geographically

Question 48

Unfixed thick giemsa stain+ fixed him giemsa stains are used to diagnose what?

Answer 48

Malaria

Question 49

Which malaria forms small delicate rings

Answer 49

Falciparin

Question 50

Schuffners dots are found in what species of malaria

Answer 50

Vivax and Ovale

Question 51

Which species of malaria do not cause rbcs to enlarge?

Answer 51

Falciparin and malarie