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Haematology > Haematology1 > Flashcards

Haematology1 Flashcards

1
Q

What factors does APTT measure

A

ii, V,viii,Ix, X, XI, Xii

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2
Q

Normal APTT time

A

26-40

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3
Q

Common causes of delayed APTT

A

Heparin, liver disease, DIC, Factor deficiency of VIII, IX, XI, XII, lupus anticoagulant

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4
Q

What is the opposite of heparin?

A

Protein Sulphate

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5
Q

Normal PT time?

A

11-16 seconds

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6
Q

True or false prothrombin time measures the intrinsic pathway?

A

False

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7
Q

Causes of prolonged pt?

A

Oral anticoagulants (warfarin), liver disease, vitamin k deficiency, DIC

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8
Q

What factors does PT measure?

A

2,5,7,,10 and fibrinogen

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9
Q

What does thrombophlastin do?

A

It is a plasma protein that AIDS coagulation by catalysing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

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10
Q

What is INR

A

International normalised ratio- used to standardise oral anticoagulation therapy

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11
Q

How do u calculate INR

A

= [pt of patient / or of control ] isi

Isi = international sensitivity

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12
Q

How is fibrinogen tested

A

Clauss technique- time f fibrin clot formation

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13
Q

What is a normal range of fibrinogen

A

1.8-3.6 g/l

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14
Q

What is thrombin time?

A

Rate of conversion of fibrinogen to thrombin

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15
Q

What are fibrin degradation products called

A

D-dimers

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16
Q

What is lupus anticoagulant

A

Antibody that binds to phospholipids and protein

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17
Q

What does a USs doppler measure?

A

Ultrasound that measures blood flow through a blood vessel

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18
Q

Is haematocrit required to determine clotting range for a patient?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What 6 FBC parameters are directly measured?

A

Haemaglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelets, red cell distribution width, mean cell volume

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20
Q

How is mean cell haemoglobin calculated

A

Hb/ rbc

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21
Q

How is mean cellular haemoglobin concentration calculated?

A

Mchc= hb/haematocrit (PCV) %

22
Q

How is haematocrit calculated?

A

PCV=rbc x mcv

23
Q

What does ESR measure?

A

Rate at which red cells stick together and sediment

24
Q

Why do red cells stick together during poor health?

A

Red cells normally have electrostatic charge that separates them- gamma globulins and acute phase proteins neutralise electrostatic charge

25
Q

In an optical counting system with laser light scatter and fluorescence methodology what does the forward light scatter measure?

A

Cell size

26
Q

In an optical counting system with laser light scatter and fluorescence methodology what does the side light scatter measure?

A

Internal cellular complexity

27
Q

What is the Siemens Advia rbc method

A

Uses a volume/haemoglobin concentration cytogram-

28
Q

What is the perox method used for and what two signals does it measure?

A

Used to measure white cells. It measures scatter signal to determine volume of cells and absorption signal for perox ideas activity

29
Q

What white cells do. It stain with peroxidase?

A

Lymphocytes

30
Q

What are romanowski stains?

A

Used for blood films- made of eosin, methylene blue buffered to ph6.8

31
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Red cells and eosinophilic granules red/orange

32
Q

What dos methylene blue stain?

A

Chromatin, neutrophilic and basophilic granules and cytoplasm blue and purple

33
Q

What is a delta check?

A

Difference between a patients previous results and current result which exceeds predefined limit

34
Q

Are bacterial infections associated with neutrophilia or neutropenia?

A

Neutrophilia

35
Q

Is lymphocytosis associated with viral infections, bacterial infections or both?

A

Both

36
Q

Allergic diseases, parasitic infection, IBS and auto immune disease may cause what?

A

Eosinophilia

37
Q

Chronic infection, chronic inflammation and myloproliferative disorders are associated with an increase in white type of cell?

A

Monocytes - monocytosis

38
Q

What are the main causes of thrombocytosis?name 3

A

Reactive (infection/inflammation)’ bleeding, trauma, surgery, malignant disease

39
Q

Name 5 causes f thrombocytopenia

A 
ACute leukaemias
DIC 
Chemotherapy 
Radiotherapy
Liver disease/ alcohol abuse
Post viral infection
40
Q

What type of anaemia is associated with mixed vitb12/folate deficiency, haemolytic anaemias, renal failure, liver failure and pregnancy

A

Normocytic normochromic

41
Q

Vitb12/folate deficiency, haemolytic anaemias and drugs that interfere with Dan synthesis cause what type of red blood cells

A

Macrocytosis

42
Q

What type of red blood cells are associated with b-thalassaemaias and iron deficiency
?

A

Microcytosis

43
Q

Renal disease is associated with what type of rbc

A

Acantocytes

44
Q

Which malaria is relatively uncommon in Africa?

A

Plasmodium vivax

45
Q

Which malaria is found mainly in tropical Africa. Especially western coast

A

P. Ovale

46
Q

Where’d s p.falciparin found?

A

Widespread , mainly tropics and subtropics

47
Q

Where is p.malaria found?

A

Broad, spotty geographically

48
Q

Unfixed thick giemsa stain+ fixed him giemsa stains are used to diagnose what?

A

Malaria

49
Q

Which malaria forms small delicate rings

A

Falciparin

50
Q

Schuffners dots are found in what species of malaria

A

Vivax and Ovale

51
Q

Which species of malaria do not cause rbcs to enlarge?

A

Falciparin and malarie

Haematology (9 decks)

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