Transfusion Reaction - Non Haemolytic Flashcards
Symptoms of Febrile Non haemolytic transfusion Reaction
- Headache
- Shaking
- Chills
- Flushing
- Hypotension
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Anxiety
Treatment for Febrile Non Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction
- Stop transfusion
- Leucodepleted blood
- Panadol or aspirin
Pathogenesis of Febrile Non Haemolytic Transfuson Reaction
- Patient antibodies attack leucocytes present in blood unit
- Temperature increases by 1.5 celcius
Symptoms of transfusion Related allergic reaction
- Urticaria (rash)
Treatment for Transfusion Related allergic reaction
Discontinue transfusion Reaction if severe
OR
continue and treat with antihistamine and panadol for fever
Pathogenesis of transfusion Related allergic reaction
- Blood donor recently exposed to substance that patient is allergic to
- Develops urticaria
Describe the pathogenesis of Mechanical Haemolysis
- Inappropriate handling of RBC components
- RBC unit rupture prior to transfusion
- Hemoglobin toxic to kidneys
- Renal failure
Describe the pathogenesis of Air embolism
- Air enters vein during transfusion
What is the treatment of Graft versus Host disease
Irradiation to switch off leucocytes
What is the consequence of Graft versus Host disease
Immune competent lymphocytes engrafting in immunocompromised patients
List the symptoms of Irom toxicity
- Chronic fatigue
- Joint pain
- Abdominal pain
- Liver disease
- Diabetes mellitus
- Irregular heart rhythm
- Heart attack
- Heart failure
- Skin color changes
What is the treatment for iron toxicity
- Multi transfusion patients treated with iron chelation therapy
- Desferrioaxmine mesylate high selective affinity for Fe
How many milligrams of Fe is found in unit red cells
- 220 mg
Is potassium toxicity toxic to all people?
No. Stored red cells leach K+ but is not OK for children, neonates or heart patients
Symptoms of citrate toxicity
- Numbness
- Loss of motor control
What is the treatment of Citrate toxicity?
- Calcium chloride injection
Symptoms of TRALI
- Severe dyspnoea
- Cyanosis
- Occurs immediately or 6 hours after transfusion
- Oxygen desaturation
What causes TRALI
HLA antibodies or neutrophils antibodies in donor plasma especially plasma from multiparious females and patients with underlying inflammatory conditions are at risk of experiencing TRALI
Describe the pathophysiology of TRALI
- White cell antibodies bind and activate C5
- Neutrophils attach to pulmonary epithelial
- Pulmonary oedema
How to prevent TRALI
- Only males donate plasma for Fresh Frozen Plasma
List symptoms of TACO
- Tightness in chest
- Pulmonary oedema
- Hypertension
- SOB
Who are more susceptible to TACO
Patients with Pre existing renal and cardiac problems
How to avoid and treat TACO
1.Transfuse slowly throughout several days
Monitor patient fluid input and output
2.Diuretics
What is the treatment and prevention of Contaminated Blood
Treatment: broad spectrum antibodies
Prevention: visual inspection of unit
List the Endogenous bacteria which can multiply in 4C in stored RBC
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
- Pseudomonas putida
- Enterobacter cloacae
List the exogenous bacteria from the skin that is found in platelets stored at 20C
Staphylococcus epidermis
List symptoms of Anaphylactic reactions
- Laryngeal oedema
- Sweating
- Pain
- Hypotension
- Shock and collapse
Treatment for anaphylactic reaction
- Adrenalin
- IV saline
- Oxygen
- Patients with IgA deficiency receive washed red cells 5x
Pathogenesis of Anaphylactic reaction
- Red cells have remaining plasma thus IgA
- Individuals with IgA deficiency = anti-IgA
3.severe allergic reaction
OR
Due to antibodies to other plasma proteins
