Transformational Leadership Flashcards
Transformational Leadership Description
-a process that changes and transforms people.
-It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals.
-It includes assessing followers’ motives, satisfying their needs, and treating them as full human beings.
-Involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected of them.
-It is a process that often incorporates charismatic and visionary leadership.
-can be used to describe a wide range of leadership, from very specific attempts to influence followers on a one-to-one level, to very broad attempts to influence whole organizations and even entire cultures.
Charisma
A special personality characteristic that gives a person superhuman or exceptional powers and is reserved for a few, is of divine origin, and results in the person being treated as a leader
Charismatic Leadership Theory (House, 1976)
-Charismatic leaders act in unique ways that have specific charismatic effects on their followers
-Transforms follower’s self-concepts; tries to link identity of followers to collective identity of the organization
How is the link between identity of followers to collective identity of the organization formed in Charismatic Leadership?
-By emphasizing intrinsic rewards and deemphasizing extrinsic rewards
-Throughout the process, leaders express high expectations for followers and help them gain sense of self confidence and efficacy
What is the dark side of charismatic leadership?
-Charismatic leaders often use their influence for harm or to amass power over others
-Ex. cult leaders
Personality characteristics of charismatic leaders
-Dominant
-Desire to influence
-Self confident
-Strong moral values
Behaviors of charismatic leaders
-sets strong role model
-shows competence
-articulates goals
-communicates high expectations
-expresses confidence
-arouses motives
Charismatic Leadership Effects on Followers
-trust in leaders ideology
-Belief similarity between leader and followers
-unquestioning acceptance
-affection toward leader
-obedience
-identification with leader
-emotional involvement
-heightened goals
-increased confidence
Types of leadership (Burns, 1978)
Transactional, transformational, pseudo transformational
Transactional leadership (Burns, 1978)
-Focuses on the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers
-The exchange dimension is so common that you can observe it in all walks of life
-Ex. Turn in you assignment, you get a grade.
Transformational leadership (Burns, 1978)
-Process of engaging with others to create a connection that increases motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower
-Leader is attentive to the needs and motives of followers and tries to help followers reach their fullest potential
-Ex. Mohandas Gandhi raised the hopes and demands of millions of his people and in the process was changed himself
Pseudo-Transformational Leadership (Burns, 1978)
-Focuses on the leader’s own interests rather than the interests of his or her followers
-Self consumed, exploitive, power oriented, with warped moral values
Model of transformational leadership (Bass)
-Giving more attention to follower’s rather than the leader’s needs by:
-Suggesting that transformational leadership could apply to situations in which the outcomes were not positive
-Describing transactional and transformational leadership as a single continuum
Bass argued that transformational leadership motivates followers to do more than expected by..
- Raising followers’ levels of consciousness about the importance and value of specified and idealized goals
- Getting followers to transcend their own self-interest for the sake of the team or organization
- Moving followers to address higher-level needs
The 4 factors of transformational leadership according to Bass’s model
-Idealized influence and charisma
-inspirational motivation
-intellectual stimulation
-individualized consideration
Idealized influence/charisma factor
-Emotional component of leadership
-Describes leaders who act as strong role models for followers; followers identify with these leaders and want very much to emulate them
-These leaders have high standards of moral and ethical conduct and can be counted on to do the right thing
What two components is the idealized influence factor measured on?
-Attributional component: refers to the attributions of leaders made by followers based on perceptions they have of their leaders
-behavioral component: refers to followers’ observations of leader behavior
inspirational motivation factor
Descriptive of leaders who communicate high expectations to followers, inspiring them through motivation to become committed to and a part of the shared vision in the organization
Intellectual stimulation factor
-Includes leadership that stimulates followers to be creative and innovative and to challenge their own beliefs and values as well as those of the leader and the organization
-Supports followers as they try new approaches and develop innovative ways of dealing with organizational issues
-Encourages followers to think things out on their own and engage in careful problem solving.
Individualized consideration factor
-Representative of leaders who provide a supportive climate in which they listen carefully to the individual needs of followers
-Leaders act as coaches and advisers while trying to assist followers in becoming fully actualized
-These leaders may use delegation to help followers grow through personal challenges
What are the two transactional leadership factors?
-Contingent reward
-Management by exception
Contingent reward factor
-Exchange process between leaders and followers in which effort by followers is exchanged for specified rewards.
-With this kind of leadership, the leader tries to obtain agreement from followers on what must be done and what the payoffs will be for the people doing it.
Management by exception factor
-It is leadership that involves corrective criticism, negative feedback, and negative reinforcement
-Takes two forms: active and passive
Active management by exception
watches followers closely for mistakes or rule violations and then takes corrective action.
Passive management by exception
intervenes only after standards have not been met or problems have arisen.
What is the non leadership factor according to Bass?
Laissez-Faire
Laissez-Faire factor
-Represents the absence of leadership
-This leader abdicates responsibility, delays decisions, gives no feedback, and makes little effort to help followers satisfy their needs.
Strengths of transformational leadership
-Widely researched from many different perspectives
-Intuitive appeal
-Treats leadership as a process that occurs between followers and leaders
-provides a broader view of leadership that augments other leadership models
-places a strong emphasis on followers’ needs, values, and morals
-substantial evidence that transformational leadership is an effective form of leadership
Criticisms of transformational leadership
-Lacks conceptual clarity
-Issues with how transformational leadership is measured
-treats leadership as a personality trait or personal predisposition rather than a behavior that people can learn
-Researchers have not established that transformational leaders are actually able to transform individuals and organizations
-Elitist and antidemocratic
-Potential to be abused
