Transfer

Question 1

Types of Transfer

Answer 1

1  Proactive transfer 
2  Retroactive transfer 
3  Positive transfer 
4  Negative transfer 
5  Bilateral transfer

Question 2

Motor Programme

Answer 2

A generalised series of movements stored in the long-term memory and retrieved by a single decision

The learning of the technique to perform a skill that you retrieve from the long term memory when required

Question 3

Proactive and Retroactive Transfer

Answer 3

Proactive transfer – when a skill learned previously affects a skill currently being learnt

Retroactive transfer – when learning a new skill has an affect on a skill learned previously

Question 4

Positive Transfer

Answer 4

When the learning and performance of a skill helps the learning and performance of another skill
This occurs when the 2 skills are similar in some way
Having already mastered one of the skills, it makes learning the second skill easier

Coaches can aid this positive transfer by:
Making the individual understand the similarities between the two skills
Making sure the basics of the first skill are well learned so that they transfer more easily into the second skill

Question 5

Negative Transfer

Answer 5

When learning and performance of one skill hinder the learning and performance of another skill
This occurs when having learned one skill, it makes learning the second skill more difficult
It happens when a stimulus common to both skills requires a different response

Negative transfer likely to occur when:
Performer misunderstanding the movement requirements
A familiar stimulus requires a new response
Different skills/ movement patterns / info processing / decision making that appear / seem to be similar or skills that seem to be similar that aren’t
Conflicting skills are taught close together
When practice environment is different to competition environment

Question 6

Bilateral Transfer

Answer 6

The transfer of learning from one side of the body to the other side

It refers to the capacity of a performer who may be dominantly right-sided to perform a skill with the left side of the body

This can take place in 2 ways
Cognitive aspects, understanding what is required: ‘I swing my left foot in the same way as I swing my right foot’

Transfer of motor programme – the pattern of one movement learned by one limb is used subconsciously by the other limb

Question 7

Optimising Positive Transfer

Answer 7

1 Using similar skills to promote transfer
2 Ensure skills are well learned/fully learned/grooved/ or overlearned
3 Give positive reinforcement
4 Ensure clear demonstrations

Question 8

Ways in which a coach can optimise Positive Transfer

Answer 8

• A coach should explain to the performer when certain practice might help the development of a skill,
• Activities/practices should be as true-to-life as possible so they are as realistic/similar as possible,
• (Making practices realistic) develops correct kinaesthetic awareness of the skill,
• Progressive practices can help learners by avoiding too many differing movement patterns.
• Teaching basic/fundamental skills first will help positive transfer occur across different sports
• The more thoroughly a skill is learnt/overlearned will help maximise positive transfer later.
• Teaching similar skills together OR pointing out similarities with other skills (from their sport or another sport)
• Don’t teach conflicting skills at the same time
• Coach provides positive feedback/reinforcement when skill is performed correctly/positive transfer has occurred correctly