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Genetics Test 2 > Transcriptional Control > Flashcards

Transcriptional Control Flashcards

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1
Q

GTF (General Transcription Factors

A

TATAAA box, TFTT RNA polymerase, CAAT, GC are helpful

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2
Q

Why have more than just GTF

A

If we only has GTF then every gene would be on and working and we don’t need every gene on and always working

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3
Q

Sequence Regions can be called

A

Enhancer regions

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4
Q

Enhancer regions are bound by

A

Activator proteins

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5
Q

Is there more than one activator at an enhancer cite

A

Yes, there is many activators on an enhancer site that will be in direct contact with each other
-also there is diversity of activators

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6
Q

What are mediators

A

Protein that bind activators and GTF
-sometimes more than one mediator
-sometimes no mediator
-sometimes a couple proteins make up one mediator

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7
Q

What does enhancer and mediator regions do

A

These help stabilize GTF so that we can get more production of the gene happing

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8
Q

Silencer regions

A

Repressor protein bind to the silencer region causing the gene to become off or nearly off

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9
Q

Gene regulation with Galactose metabolism

A

-Galactose metabolism is not always on
-does not make sense to always be on as it would be a big waste of energy
-Genes for galactose involved, GTF lined up, Enhancer Region upstream
-On enhancer region is activator
-Activator GAL-4 touched enhancer
-Also have a mediator Gal 80 that will act as buffer so gal-4 does not touch GTF
-Gal-3p comes into cell and touches Gal 80 sliding it up allowing activator to bind to GTF to to send RNA polymerase on its way

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10
Q

How does gal 3-p get into our cell

A

Primary active transport is active
-secondary active transport system is also working thats when galactose comes through

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11
Q

What happens when galactose is being metabolized

A

As galactose is being metabolized less gal 3-p is coming into the cell so gal 80 will go back to acting as a buffer to gal-4

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12
Q

Hormone effecting transcription

A

-Glucocorticoid steroid hormone binds with the right receptor able to get through cell wall
-Hormone binds to a glucocorticoid receptor removing Hsp 90
-Hormone is now free roaming moving to nuclease
-This it will act as a activator or repressor in transcription

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13
Q

Signal Transduction

A

-Substance can have influence without cell entry

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14
Q

Signal Transduction example

A

-Hormone connects to an receptor
-Causing a shape change on receptor
-Create G coupling protein
-G-protein activates adenylate cyclase
-Turning ATP into CAMP
- Increasing Protein-kinase A
-Then allows for phosphate to be added to other activators or repressors

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15
Q

Sex determination

A

-Testi Determining Factor is apart of Y chromosome
-TDF creates the SRY protein (sex region y)
-SRY protein acts ad an activator with SF-1 protein
-SRY and SF-1 on enhancer connect with GTF to up regulate SOX gene
-RNA for sox is created
-SOX protein released into bloodstream
-Activator for sex cord protein
-It flows through body till it fit with the gonad cells
-Signal transduction occurs
-Causing shape change go through signal transduction steps
-upregulating turning cells into testies
-release testosterone
-can now stick to any testosterone receptor in the body

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16
Q

What is the default of sex determination

A

Gonads will develop into ovaries unless it get told otherwise

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17
Q

Can activators work how ever

A

Activators can work in any combination. Depending on their combination it can be an activator or a repressor. The combination of these influences the gene.

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18
Q

DNASe 1 sensitivity Assey

A

-Isolate DNA from each cell type
-Treat cells with DNASe 1
-If dna is really packaged up it will not be able to chew it up
-If it is loosely packaged it will chew it up and degrade
-Run through a gel

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19
Q

Southern Blot

A

It allows us to detect specific DNA in a gel

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20
Q

Northern Blot

A

Detect specific RNA

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21
Q

Western Blot

A

Detect Specific protein

22
Q

Southern blot works

A

-Probe, Single stranded DNA of specific sequence of the gene
-Detection system
-making the probe radioactive
-Pan of saltwater
-sponge in saltwater
-Gel on top
-Nylon membrane on gel (positively charged)
- Paper towels
-Book for weight
-Causing water to move up
-Taking DNA with it a the DNA will stick to the nylon
- Take nylon in ziplock bag with probe
-gene will stick to probe
-wash out
-take nylon out
-x-ray film
-Shows radioactivity

23
Q

The result of a southern blot

A

-Both cells use this gene but cells that showing the radioactivity tells us that the probe stuck to the gene and gene remains packaged so DNASe can not chew it up, so it not used by the cell
-No radioactivity means that the gene was not marked by the probe and the gene is unpacked and used by the cell so DNASe is able to chew it up
-the gene that was chewed up is used in that cell and the gene that is show is not used in the cell

24
Q

smear of DNA

A

lots of DNA in a gel

25
Q

what makes a probe

A

Single stranded specific sequence of a gene
also has to be radioactive so put a fluorescent on it

26
Q

One way cells use different genes

A

-Cells use different genes in different types of cells based on their package and unpacking

27
Q

What does lot of packaging mean (not Hats way)

A

-lots of packaging means TATAA is associated with histones
-Enhancer regions bound by activator
-Then a mediator come in modifying DNA region allowing TATAA to be available
-GTF can bind

28
Q

Process of HATS

A

-Making a TATAAA box available
-Enhancer region
-Activator binds to enhancer region
-Mediator that is Histone Acetylase (HAT)
-Enzyme group that adds acetyl groups to H3
-Acetyl groups added then DNA will losen its grip to nucleosomes
-Allows TATAAA box to be open
-GTF can bind

29
Q

What does histone DeAcetylase do

A

-HDAC’s remove acetal groups
-making it more tightly packaged

30
Q

Heterochromatine

A

tightly packaged histones
does not allow transcription

31
Q

Euchromatine

A

Loosely packaged histones
allows for transcription

32
Q

Where does HATS and HDAC’s take place

A

On the histone proteins

33
Q

Where does methylation take place

A

On the DNA itself

34
Q

CpG island

A

-High ration of C and G in the DNA
-C’s get methylated the most
-There is lots of areas that can be methylated

35
Q

What do highly methylated areas attract

A

HDAC’s

36
Q

How does methylation affect CpG Islands

A

CpG islands attract methylation which attracts HDAC’s causing heterochromatin

37
Q

What is the issues with methylations

A

It is tuff to reverse
It is more permeant
-more DNA gets made and it can be passed down

38
Q

Genetic modifications

A

Changing DNA sequence

39
Q

Epigenetic Modifications

A

Not changing sequence modifying what already there

40
Q

Fragile X-mental Retardation Syndrome

A

-X had an area that remanded tightly packaged
-X region that is CpG island repeats that were above normal levels
-CpG islands attracted methylation
-methylation attracts HDAC’s
-HDAC’s remove acetyl groups
-Keeping it highly packaged
-Keeping the FMR1 gene unavailable for translation
-No access to Fragile X mental retardation 1 protein

41
Q

Result of Fragile X mental retardation Syndrome

A

-Fragile X mental Retardation 1 protein was not produced
-lack of this protein did not allow for neuronal cell development
-result in significant decrease in mental capacity

42
Q

Imprinting

A

-EZH2 protein enzyme that is stabilized by a LNCR
-LNCR –>DNA gene that lead to RNA
–> never translated
-many LNCR are needed to fold up into proteins so the protein can function
-EZH2 binds to hemi-methylated DNA
-Then methylates the new strand
-Both strands being methylated when in the s-phase copied EZH2 will do the same thing again
-Once it is methylated it tend to be methylated over and over again for generations
-High methylated areas attract HDAC’s
-causing it to be heterochromatin
-in an egg cell it remains methylated you will pass on a modification on to the next
-while in a euchromatin egg you will pass on the TATAAA box to be read

43
Q

How can ATP affect transcription

A

-Mediator uses ATP–>ADP phosphates added
-phosphates added loosening DNA
-TATAAA comes available

44
Q

What do hats do

A

Add acetyl groups
making TATAAA box available

45
Q

Prader-Willi disease

A

-On chromosome 15 imprinting occurs
-Maternal DNA is highly methylated
-TATAA box is not available
-Paternal DNA TATAAA is available and get a LNCR
-LNCR from an ICE region is needed to interact and become stabilizer for activator protein
-Used on enhancer region for the gene that result in a protein for hypothalamus development
-In PWS the mothers is methylated like normal and the paternal DNA is also methylated causing no LNCR making no protein for hypothalamus development
-Another may if the gene is broken and just not there

46
Q

X-activation

A

-Co-dominate traits
-When it is a few 100 cells the cells inactivate one of the x’s
-While the other cells inactivate the other x

47
Q

Barr Body

A

-Dark spot in cell that was only in female’s
-Was in male’s but it was light and all over
-due to dosage compensation in females
-X that never unwound, stayed packaged

48
Q

Cat color

A

-Few 100 cells
-Cell choices to turn of x-activation for black and shows orange
-Cells choices to turn of x-activation for orange and shows black

49
Q

Hemophilia

A

-Males fully have it or don’t have it
-Women not all X’s will choice to turn off the blood clotting gene so other cells are able to to help that area out
-You use both X’s though out the body but only one per cell

50
Q

Chromosome Kissing

A

-All chromosomes do this
-Two X-chromosomes
-There sequences are the same
-When momentarily opening happen they will bond with each other
-A single strand of one will interact with a single strand of the other
-this can cause Solute family carrier 2 protein to methylate one of the strands
-when they split 1 chromosome is methylated and 1 chromosome is not methylated
-methylated strand attracts EZH-2
-Now its fully methylated attraction of HDAC’s causing condensing
-Unmethylated is open
-In this area is an X control element
-XCE is a promoter for TSIX gene
-Also have a TATAA box on opposite strand for SIXT
-XIST will be transcribed on both X-chromosomes
-X-inactivation specific transcript
-Due to the highly methylated area of XCE, TSIX gene is off
-on unmethylated TSIX is on on
-If both TSIX and XIST are produced they overlap form a hybridization and becomes usless
-If only XIST is produced the single stranded RNA will coat and interact with XIC
- X-inactivation center
-As XIST RNA is being made it will lay down on the XIC covering it up
-Preventing HATS from binding

Genetics Test 2 (8 decks)

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