Mutagens

Question 1

Mutagens

Answer 1

Increase mutations rate in own cells DNA

Things that effect DNA that cause problems when they get copied

Question 2

Carcinogen

Answer 2

Shown to contribute to cancer

Question 3

Radiation forms

Answer 3

Ionizing and non-ionizing

Question 4

Chemical Mutagen forms

Answer 4

Base analogs and Base modifying agents

Question 5

Non-Ionizing

Answer 5

When UV light hit us
Creates thymine dimers
Thymine dimers gets put down but our DNA polymerase is unable to get read properly with two T stuck together. So there is usually some type of mutation that will come out of it .

Question 6

Can DNA be effected an any stage

Answer 6

Yes DNA damage can happen at any phase. But its not an issues until it get copied

Question 7

Do you need to fix thymine dimers

Answer 7

Yes, dimers need to get fixed before they get to replication so that way the DNA can get read properly

Question 8

Germ line

Answer 8

Egg and sperm

Question 9

Somatic

Answer 9

Skin, liver, other cells

Question 10

Happens when you get a thymine dimer

Answer 10

Wrong bases could get put in during replication. So a particular cell now has an abnormal chromatid. During mitosis good chromosome goes one way, bad chromosome goes the other. The cell with bad chromosome has a different protein.

Question 11

Ionizing radiation

Answer 11

Dimerization of any nucleotides coming from X-rays mostly but other things as well. Something that has very high energy as close to you

Question 12

Effect of Ioniziation

Answer 12

Getting a wrong base then getting incorrect proteins

Question 13

Base analogs

Answer 13

Look like GATC, chemically similar

Question 14

Base analogs work

Answer 14

DNA polymerase if laying down bases and it lays down a base analog G (not chemically 100% the same so it does not adhere correct), not an issue till replication, since its a bad G it confuses DNA polymerase and have a higher ratio of a wrong base being put in, don’t bond properly, that get replicated being incorrect from original strand all due to base analog G

Question 15

5-bromo-uracil

Answer 15

Popular base analog that is a T shift to chemically look like a C that can cause a lot of issues and gets used in things on purpose

Question 16

Tautomers

Answer 16

Chemical shift

Question 17

Base modifying agents

Answer 17

NOT incorporated into DNA
Modify current bases in the DNA by coming by and chemically changing them

Question 18

Base modifying agents explaned

Answer 18

Make a base behave like a different base. A C will act like a U even though the agent is gone. When it replicates it will bind to a A instead of it original G

Question 19

Intercalating Base

Answer 19

Change the spaces between bases by sticking to the double strand DNA

Question 20

Intercalating Base explained

Answer 20

Intercalating agent comes in a sticks between two bases pushing a base out. Deforming it that when it copies that it could put an extra base in the copied strand

Question 21

Ethidium bromide

Answer 21

A popular intercalating agents
-it is used to help visualized DNA in a cell

Question 22

Ames Test

Answer 22

To detect if something is a mutagen

Question 23

Setting up an ames test

Answer 23

Wild type salmonella can take C,N,H,O and make histidine but we take HIS-salmonella and mutated a gene so the protein the makes histidine was broken. Broken protein miss folded does not function. By site-directed mutagenesis.

Question 24

Ames Test works

Answer 24

Grow Salmonella in a test tube feeding them histidine. Take a petri dish and a negative control and positive control. - dish has a water paper disk cause water is not a mutagen and the water flows so knowing it should not cause mutations. + dish paper dish that has a for sure mutating ethidium bromide that causes mutagens. Last dish testing something to see if it causes a mutagen. Put testing on paper dish and bacteria all over plate in a lawn of His- salmonella. No histidine in plate so they should not be able to grow.

Question 25

Results of Ames test

Answer 25

-Ethidium Bromide is mutating the his- salmonella causing mutation all over the DNA of the broken gene. and if the broken gene gets mutated back to its original form it will be able to make histidine and grow so EB should have growth.
-Water is not a mutagen but spontaneous generation can happen so there could still be some growth
-testing dish if we see the same amount on water and this dish it probably not a mutagen but need to do another test

Question 26

Site-directed mutagenesis

Answer 26

Know the gene for the enzyme, add a primer the sticks almost perfectly that puts a 3-OH chain on it and a new DNA made will have that

Question 27

What does the paper disc allow to test for

Answer 27

A wide range of concentrations. And if you get lot of mutagen in low concentration you may not at this time but are gonna have lot of mutagens at a high concentration

Question 28

What is the next step after Ames test

Answer 28

Mouse Colonies

Question 29

Mouse Colonies work

Answer 29

Feed the mouse 10x more than what any human should be getting. Watch them and see if anything happens

Question 30

What does S9 extract do

Answer 30

S9 extract is rat liver ground up. when our body breaks down an unknown mutagen it can cause different problems then on our body so put a S9 extract on the plates as well. Enzymes are also present and it is breaking down unknown and it can tell us if breaking it down is a mutagen or not.

Question 31

Mutagen

Answer 31

are suspected to be a carcinogen

Question 32

Carcinogen

Answer 32

Verified tested to contribute to cancer