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Bio - Final - Part 1 > Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Transcription & Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is prior to Transcription & Translation?

A

Replication - The production of an exact copy of DNA

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2
Q

What comes first ? Translation or Transcription (2)

A

1) Transcription

2) Write the transcript first before you translate it to the real world ; ‘ )

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3
Q

Describe Transcription? Where does it occur? (2)

A

1) Process of copying DNA of a gene into a single stranded mRNA
2) Occurs within the the cell nucleus

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4
Q

Describe Transcription- Define mRNA

A

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

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5
Q

What is Translation? Where does it occur? (2)

A

1) Process of converting the mRNA template into one or more proteins
2) Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

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6
Q

Why during translation is the mRNA template converted in the Cytoplasm at the Ribosome?

A

1) Ribosome is the cite of protein assembly

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7
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s code into FIRST mRNA steps (2)

A

1) DNA within the region is unwinded

2) RNA Polymerase assist in copying the base sequence in the RNA nucleotides

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8
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s code into mRNA steps - What does the primary script contain (a.2) and what does transcription do to to have a full mRNA? (b.2)

A

a1) Contains Introns and exons
a2) Introns are edited out, exons remain

BOOM! mRNA is produced

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9
Q

Why is the intro left and extrons edited out?

A

Introns contains the genetic information for protein, while the extrons are useless and thus we extort

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10
Q

What must occur before transcription part two? (2)

A

Transcription part 1

1) Unwinding DNA
2) RNA Polymerase assist in copying the base sequence in the RNA nucleotides

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11
Q

In transcription is RNA the primary transcript and the final mRNA?

A

No, must be edited

Refer to transcription part 1 & 2

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12
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA (2)

A

1) The Genetic code is a triplet code

2) Codons

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13
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA -What does a triplet code mean?

A

Has 3 nucleotides

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14
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA -What does a triplet code mean? (2)

A

1) 3 mRNA bases

2) Code for amino acids or stop sequence

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15
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA - 64 different codons, but 20 different amino acids - t or f

A

T

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16
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA - Codons and amino acids

A

1) Several codons encode each amino acid

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17
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA - What is the start codon?

A

Methionine (AUG)

18
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA -What ends each coding sequence? (3)

A

1) UAA
2) UAG
3) UGA

19
Q

Transcription: Converting a Gene’s Code into mRNA- a series of codons into amino acids. T or F

A

T

20
Q

How to read tables and translate mRNA sequences (3)

A

1) Regardless of length of start on AUG codon - Methionine
2) Move to codon to the right & find the codon (3 letters) on table
3) repeat until you hit an ending coding sequence. At that point you have a polypeptide
- REPEAT step 1: find AUG then etc etc

21
Q

Translation: Making a protein from RNA (3)

A

1) TRANSFER RNA’s (tRNA) transfer amino acids to the ribosome (contain AUG)
2) Ribosome made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

22
Q

What does the Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)contain which makes it so special? (2)

A

1) Contains a site for mRNA, and incoming amino acids - tRNA

2) Enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond

23
Q

Translation: Making a protein from RNA: Process (3)

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

24
Q

Translation: Making a protein from RNA: Initiation

A

Initiator tRNA (carrying methionine AUG), start codon on mRNA, and ribosomal subunit form an initiation complex

25
Q

Translation: Making a protein from RNA: Elongation (2)

A

1) tRNA brings a specific amino acids developing protein chain
2) Chain elongates one amino acid at a time

26
Q

Translation: Making a protein from RNA: Termination

A

Stop Codon terminates developing chain, protein is released from ribosome & you finally have protein SON

27
Q

Mutations in the DNA causes 2

A

chemicals and physical force

28
Q

Effects of mutation (3)

A

1) Silent mutation: no effect
2) Many mutation: can cause cancer
3) some mutation may be beneficial

29
Q

Are some mutations repaired and how?

A

Yes, and by enzymes

30
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A nucleotide say Adenine is replaced by Cytosine, introducing and incorrect amino acid in the protein sequence

31
Q

Nucleotide what is it?

A

A,T,C,G DNA base

32
Q

Amino Acid example

A

CCT = Prodeine

33
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Replacing a nucleotide, say Adenine with Thymine (TAG) which signal a stop and thus the protein to shorten

34
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

Say you have a amino acid that follows:

Normal: CAT CAT CAT CAT
Insertion: CaT ACA TCA TCA

The insertion of a single nucleotide causes a frame shift

35
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Delete a nucleotide changing the amino acid sequence

36
Q

Duplication Mutation

A

A section of DNA is accidentally duplicated when a chromosome is copied

37
Q

POINT MUTATION

A

A single base change in DNA sequence. A point mutation may be silent, missense or nonsense, insertion or deletion.
Only one that is not is deletion!

38
Q

Translocation Mutation

A

A structural abnormality of chromosomes where genetic information is exchanged between two or more non-homologous chromosomes

39
Q

What does DNA damage do?

A

Delay the cell cycle ( G1,S,G2) & mitosis

40
Q

When are repair enzymes most prevelant

A

Between S & beginning of Mitosis

41
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

occurs in nucleus

42
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasms at ribosome

Bio - Final - Part 1 (6 decks)

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