Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cell bio is shit > Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Transcription and Translation Flashcards

1
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what produces messenger RNA
(mRNA)

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ribosomes

A

the sites of translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

translation

A

the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RNA processing

A

how eukaryotic RNA transcripts are modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary transcript

A

the initial RNA transcript from any gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

central dogma

A

the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA
→ RNA → protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many amino acids and nucleotide bases are there

A

20 amino acids, 4 bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

triplet code

A

a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

template strand

A

one of the 2 DNA strands that provides a template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

codons

A

the mRNA base triplets that are read in the 5’ to 3’ direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does each codon do

A

specifies the amino acid to be placed at the corresponding position along a
polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does each codon specify

A

the addition of one of 20
amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do you read codons

A

in the correct reading frame (triplet groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes RNA synthesis and pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

promoter

A

the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

terminator

A

the sequence signaling the end of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

transcription unit

A

the stretch of DNA that is transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

three stages of transcription

A

– Initiation

– Elongation

– Termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

transcription factors

A

mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of
transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TATA box

A

a promoter that is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does RNA polymerase work

A

moves along the DNA, it untwists the double helix, 10 to 20 bases at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the 5’ end receive during RNA processing

A

a modified nucleotide 5’ cap

26
Q

what does the 3’ end receive during RNA processing

A

a poly-A tail

27
Q

what do this modifications do

A

– They seem to facilitate the export of mRNA
– They protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes
– They help ribosomes attach to the 5’ end

28
Q

introns(intervening sequences)

A

noncoding regions

29
Q

exons

A

regions that do code and are eventually expressed

30
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

31
Q

Spliceosomes

A

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

32
Q

ribosomes

A

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

33
Q

3 properties of RNA that enable it to function as an enzyme

A
  • it can form a three dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself
  • some bases in RNA contain functional groups
  • RNA may hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid molecules
34
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

segments that are treated as exons during RNA splicing

35
Q

domains

A

molecular architecture consisting of discrete regions in proteins

36
Q

are molecules of tRNA identical?

A

no

37
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

what helps a cell translate an mRNA message into protein

38
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of nucleotides that correspond to a complementary codon on the mRNA

39
Q

2 steps of translation

A
  • a correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid
  • a correct match between the tRNA anticodon and and an mRNA codon
40
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

an enzyme that matches a tRNA and an amino acid

41
Q

wobble

A

flexible pairing at the third base of a codon which allows some tRNA to bind to more than one codon

42
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

make up 2 ribosomal subunits

43
Q

a ribosomes three binding sites of tRNA

A
  • p site
  • a site
  • e site
44
Q

p site

A

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

45
Q

a site

A

holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

46
Q

e site

A

the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

47
Q

3 stages of translation

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
48
Q

initiation

A

it brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the 2 ribosomal subunits
- first a small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA
- then the small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon
- proteins called initiation factors bring in the large subunit that completes the translation initiation complex

49
Q

start codon

A

AUG

50
Q

elongation

A

amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid

51
Q

3 steps of proteins called elongation factors

A
  • codon recognition
  • peptide bond formation
  • translocation
52
Q

when does termination occur

A

when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of a ribosome

53
Q

muations

A

changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

54
Q

point mutations

A

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

55
Q

2 categories of point mutation

A
  • base pair substitutions
  • base pair insertions or deletions
56
Q

deletions

A

losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

56
Q

frameshift mutation

A

what is produced when insertion or deletion of nucleotides alter the reading frame

56
Q

base pait substitutions

A

replaces one nucleotide and its parter with another pair of nucleotides

56
Q

missense mutations

A

code for an animo acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid

57
Q

nonsense muations

A

change an animo acids codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein

57
Q

insertions

A

additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene

58
Q

mutagenes

A

physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations

cell bio is shit (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions