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cell bio is shit > cell cycle and mitosis bs > Flashcards

cell cycle and mitosis bs Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle

A

the time between a cell dividing and the daughter cells dividing (interphase and mitosis)

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2
Q

cell division does what 3 things

A
  • development from a fertilized egg
  • growth
    -repair
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3
Q

what are gametes

A

sperm and egg (reproductive cells

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4
Q

what are somatic cells

A

non reproductive cells

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5
Q

genome

A

all the DNA in a cell

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA molecules in a cell

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7
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have

A

2

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8
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

A

1/2 as many as the somatic cells

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9
Q

what is chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and protein that
condenses during cell division

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10
Q

sister chromatids

A

a duplicated chromosome that separates during cell division

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11
Q

centromere

A

the narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

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12
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus

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13
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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14
Q

what does meiosis produce

A

gametes

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15
Q

when are non identical daughter cells produced

A

meiosis

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16
Q

what happens in the mitotic M phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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17
Q

what happens in interphase

A

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

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18
Q

G1phase

A

first gap

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19
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis (chromosomes are dupliacted)

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20
Q

G2 phase

A

second gap

21
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase
prometa phase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

22
Q

mitotic spindle

A

an apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

23
Q

centrosome

A

the microtubule organizing center

24
Q

what happens to the centrosome during prophase

A

it replicates and each one migrates to opposite ends of the cell as spindle microtubules grow out from them

25
Q

what is an aster

A

a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

26
Q

kinetochores

A

where the spindle microtubules attach on the chromosomes

27
Q

what moves the chromosomes

A

the microtubules that are attached to the kinetochores

28
Q

metaphase plate

A

the midway point between the spindle’s two poles

29
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and
move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell

30
Q

how do the microtubules shorten

A

by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

31
Q

how does the cell elongate

A

nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other

32
Q

what happens in telophase

A

genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell

33
Q

what forms during cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cleavage furrow

34
Q

what forms during cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plate

35
Q

what is binary fission

A

how prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce

36
Q

what happens in binary fission

A

the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

37
Q

what drives the cell cycle

A

specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm

38
Q

cell cycle control system

A

like a clock for the cell cycle that has specific checkpoints where the
cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

39
Q

what happens at the G1 checkpoint (the important one)

A

ff a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1checkpoint, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

40
Q

what is the G0 phase

A

a nondividing state that the cell switches into if it does not receive the go ahead signal from a checkpoint

41
Q

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control

42
Q

MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

A

a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

43
Q

growth factors

A

external signals, such as proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

44
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

an external signal in which crowded cells stop dividing

45
Q

what do cancer cells not inhibit

A

density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

46
Q

cancer cells do what 3 things that makes them cancerous

A

– they may make their own growth factor
– they may convey a growth factor’s signal without the presence of the growth factor
– they may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

47
Q

transformation

A

when a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

48
Q

bengin tumor

A

when abnormal cells remain at the original site

49
Q

malignant tumors

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to
other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors

cell bio is shit (4 decks)

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