Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

what is transcription

A

synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

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2
Q

what is RNA?

A

an intermediate carrier or genetic information

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3
Q

what is translation

A

using RNA to make proteins

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4
Q

what is the template strand?

A

the DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA

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5
Q

what is the coding strand?

A

the opposite strand

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6
Q

why is coding strand called mRNa-like strand?

A

sequence correspongs to the codons that are translated into proteins

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7
Q

be able to show bacterial genes transcription

A
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8
Q

DNA is always transcribed in which direction

A

3 to 5

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9
Q

what is open reading frame?

A

any sequence of bases that could encode a protein
does not contain any stop codons

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10
Q

what is a cistron

A

a segment of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide chain

encodes a protein must also be an ORF, whereas a cistron that encodes a nontranslated RNA is not an ORF

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11
Q

what is an operon?

A

bacteria cluster of related genes

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12
Q

what is polycistronic DNA

A

operons that are transcribed together to give a single mRNA

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13
Q

Bacterial RNA polymerase

A

consists fof core enzyme made of five subunits, two alpha, beta, beta’ and w and the sigma subunit

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14
Q

halo enzyme

A

core and sigma

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15
Q

core ensyme

A

two alpha, beta, beta’ and w

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16
Q

housekeeping sigma is called

17
Q

what is housekeeping sigma

A

recognizes two special sequences of bases (-10 and -35) in the promoter region of the codiing (non-template) strand

18
Q

-10 and -35 sequence are known as

A

promotor regions

19
Q

consensus sequence

A

-10 is Tataat and consensus sequence is -35

20
Q

what is mix and match approach

A

bacteria have evolved this appreach to seeting promotor strength in which the strengths of the individual promotor elements combine to determine the overall activity of the promotor

21
Q

mix and match approach allows what

A

enables promotos to easily evolve

22
Q

what are the steps of transcitpion

A

DNA transcribed 3 to 5’
must have primer
will have coding and RNA the same

23
Q

what is a factor-independent terminator

A

two inverted repeats separated by several bases and followed by a run of As

24
Q

how does factor-independent terminator work

25
what is used to infer evolutionary relationships?
rRNA
26
Why are rRNA good for phylogenetic inferences?
universally distributed functionally constant highly conserved adequate length
27
What amplifies the 16s rRNA gene?
Standard primers
28
extremophiles are what
thrive in either hot or cold temperatures, or extreme salinity, alkalinity or acidity