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Microbial Genetics > intro 1 > Flashcards

intro 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who developed DNA sequencing

A

Fred Sanger

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2
Q

What is PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

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3
Q

who invented PCR

A

kary mullis

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4
Q

what is Taq DNA polymerase

A

heat stable enzyme

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5
Q

where was Taq DNA polymerase isolated from?

A

Thermus aquaticus

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6
Q

Who produced the first complete genomic sequence?

A

Craig Venter

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7
Q

what was the first organism to be completely sequenced?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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8
Q

What did Berg’s gene slicing experiment result in?

A

the first man-made recombinant DNA

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9
Q

Boyer-Cohen-CHange experiment did what?

A

ligation of a foreign gene into a plasmid and cloning in E. coli cells

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10
Q

What does agrobacterium tumefaciens cause?

A

crown galls (tumors) in plants

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11
Q

what does agrobacterium turmefaciens carry?

A

Ti plasmid with a mobile genetic element (T-DNA)

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12
Q

What does T-DNA do?

A

integrates into plant genomes and causes cell growth and makes compounds that are used as a food source

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13
Q

What is CRISPR

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

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14
Q

What do CRISPR-Cas systems do?

A

involved to restrict the entry of invasive DNA elements

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15
Q

What percentages of CRISPR-Cas found in bacterial and archaeal genomes

A

40% bacterial
90% archaeal

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16
Q

What is genome annotation

A

process of identifying the locations of genes in a genome and determining what they do

17
Q

What percentage of antibiotics are given to cows, pigs, and chickens?

A

70-80%

18
Q

What are antibiotics used for in stock animals?

A

grow faster and cheap alternative to keep them healthy

19
Q

What has the use of antibiotics caused?

A

resistant bacteria

20
Q

Who discovered hereditary factors/ genes?

A

Mendel

21
Q

What did Walter Sutton contribute?

A

postulated that genes are located on homologous pairs of chromosomes

22
Q

What did Thomas Hunt Morgan discover?

A

when two genes are on the same chromosomes, they are often inherited together

23
Q

Who identified components of DNA and RNA and coined the term nucleotide

A

Levene

24
Q

Who discovered the transforming factor

A

Griffith

25
Q

Describe Griffith’s experiment

A

injected mice with living, nonvirulent; living virulent; heat-killed nonvirulent; and heat-killed nonvirulent+ living, nonvirulent

nonvirulent mice did not die, but when combined the nonvirulent strain became virulent and killed the mouse

26
Q

Describe Avery- Macleod-mccarty experiment

A

transformation between S and R colonies of pneumonia to identify transforming principle

discovered DNA was material responsible for bacterial transformation

transforming activity was abolished by pretreatment with DNase

27
Q

what is the hershey chase experiment

A

discovered replication of viruses and there genetic structure

labeled the capsule and labeled the genes to see what was inserted into hosts

28
Q

What is the fluctuation test

A

mutant bacteria occur randomly and that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles

29
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule

A

A=T
G=C

30
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

31
Q

What is x-ray diffraction

A

a crystal of a macromolecule is bombarded with x-ray beams. the spacing of the atoms are on the order of wavelength, so the beam diffract. It is visualized by the exposure of X-ray film

32
Q

What did Linus Pauling discover?

A

secondary structure of proteins with alpha helix and beta sheets

33
Q

What did melson and stahl experiment show?

A

DNA is semiconservative

34
Q

Who discovered DNA polymerase

A

arthur Kornberg

35
Q

who first proposed the operon model?

A

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

Microbial Genetics (4 decks)

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