intro 1 Flashcards
who developed DNA sequencing
Fred Sanger
What is PCR
polymerase chain reaction
who invented PCR
kary mullis
what is Taq DNA polymerase
heat stable enzyme
where was Taq DNA polymerase isolated from?
Thermus aquaticus
Who produced the first complete genomic sequence?
Craig Venter
what was the first organism to be completely sequenced?
Haemophilus influenzae
What did Berg’s gene slicing experiment result in?
the first man-made recombinant DNA
Boyer-Cohen-CHange experiment did what?
ligation of a foreign gene into a plasmid and cloning in E. coli cells
What does agrobacterium tumefaciens cause?
crown galls (tumors) in plants
what does agrobacterium turmefaciens carry?
Ti plasmid with a mobile genetic element (T-DNA)
What does T-DNA do?
integrates into plant genomes and causes cell growth and makes compounds that are used as a food source
What is CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
What do CRISPR-Cas systems do?
involved to restrict the entry of invasive DNA elements
What percentages of CRISPR-Cas found in bacterial and archaeal genomes
40% bacterial
90% archaeal
What is genome annotation
process of identifying the locations of genes in a genome and determining what they do
What percentage of antibiotics are given to cows, pigs, and chickens?
70-80%
What are antibiotics used for in stock animals?
grow faster and cheap alternative to keep them healthy
What has the use of antibiotics caused?
resistant bacteria
Who discovered hereditary factors/ genes?
Mendel
What did Walter Sutton contribute?
postulated that genes are located on homologous pairs of chromosomes
What did Thomas Hunt Morgan discover?
when two genes are on the same chromosomes, they are often inherited together
Who identified components of DNA and RNA and coined the term nucleotide
Levene
Who discovered the transforming factor
Griffith
Describe Griffith’s experiment
injected mice with living, nonvirulent; living virulent; heat-killed nonvirulent; and heat-killed nonvirulent+ living, nonvirulent
nonvirulent mice did not die, but when combined the nonvirulent strain became virulent and killed the mouse
Describe Avery- Macleod-mccarty experiment
transformation between S and R colonies of pneumonia to identify transforming principle
discovered DNA was material responsible for bacterial transformation
transforming activity was abolished by pretreatment with DNase
what is the hershey chase experiment
discovered replication of viruses and there genetic structure
labeled the capsule and labeled the genes to see what was inserted into hosts
What is the fluctuation test
mutant bacteria occur randomly and that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles
What is Chargaff’s rule
A=T
G=C
Who discovered the structure of DNA
Watson and Crick
What is x-ray diffraction
a crystal of a macromolecule is bombarded with x-ray beams. the spacing of the atoms are on the order of wavelength, so the beam diffract. It is visualized by the exposure of X-ray film
What did Linus Pauling discover?
secondary structure of proteins with alpha helix and beta sheets
What did melson and stahl experiment show?
DNA is semiconservative
Who discovered DNA polymerase
arthur Kornberg
who first proposed the operon model?
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
