Trans - Outcomes in Research

Question 1

outcome - define

Answer 1

measurable events that are designed to directly or indirectly prove hypothesis

Question 2

determinants of outcome

Answer 2

nature of the research question
study design
objectives of the study
study population

Question 3

outcomes in therapy/prevention

Answer 3

measure of a physiologic change
measure of increased pathologic change
measure of efficacy, effectiveness, or cost-efficiency

Question 4

outcomes in diagnosis

Answer 4

measure of accuracy or reliability of test finding

Question 5

outcomes in prognosis

Answer 5

measure of survival with and without the prognostic variable

Question 6

outcomes in causation/harm

Answer 6

measure of physiologic change
measure of decreased pathologic change
measure of no efficacy, no effectiveness, or decreased cost-efficiency

Question 7

outcomes in cellular/tissue level

Answer 7

measurement of product / metabolite

direct observation of biochemical effect

Question 8

outcomes at the animal/human level

Answer 8

improvement in signs and symptoms
change in function or toxicity
cure, survival, recovery
mortality, morbidity

Question 9

characteristics of a good outcome measure

Answer 9

1. biologically important
2. clinically important
3. highly reproducible
4. unequivocally defined

Question 10

gold standard

Answer 10

universally accepted instrument for the measurement of data

Question 11

dichotomous outcomes

Answer 11

when events are classified into 2 different categories

Question 12

for continuous outcomes, there should be:

Answer 12

measure of central tendency