Trans - Biases in Research

Question 1

validity

Answer 1

closeness to the truth

Question 2

reliability

Answer 2

closeness of the observations to each other

Question 2

random error

Answer 2

systematic deviations away from the truth (noise)

Question 3

systematic error

Answer 3

a process at any stage of inference tending to produce results that depart systematically from the true values

Question 3

selection bias

Answer 3

occurs when a selection procedure favors one treatment over another

Question 4

selection bias reduced by:

Answer 4

sampling
adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria
random allocation of treatment

Question 5

performance bias

Answer 5

occurs when a study procedure favors one treatment group over another

Question 6

performance bias reduced by

Answer 6

blinding

standardization of procedures

Question 7

detection bias

Answer 7

occurs when outcome assessment favors one group over another

Question 8

detection bias reduced by

Answer 8

blinding
standardization of tools and procedures
pretesting

Question 9

exclusion bias

Answer 9

occurs when a procedure removes a subject or treatment group from data analysis

Question 10

confounding bias

Answer 10

occurs when a risk factor is closely associated with the one of interest

the effect of one is confused with or distorted by the effect of the other

Question 11

reporting bias

Answer 11

occurs when part of the research findings are not reported

Question 12

the process of deciding which subjects should get what treatment

Answer 12

allocation

Question 13

process of subdividing the subject group into homoegenous subgroups before or after allocation

Answer 13

stratification

Question 14

good allocation

Answer 14

1. blinded
2. future assignments cannot be predicted from past assignments
3. reproducible
4. documented

Question 15

process of allocating the subject to the treatment by an auditable random process

Answer 15

randomization

Question 16

performance of additional diagnostic or therapeutic acts on the experimental group but not on the control

Answer 16

co interventions

Question 17

co interventions result in:

Answer 17

spurious increase in the difference of clinical outcomes observed

Question 18

control patients accidentally receive treatment

Answer 18

contamination

Question 20

contamination results in:

Answer 20

spurious decrease in the difference of the clinical outcomes observed

Question 21

noncompliers

Answer 21

patients who do not drop out but do not follow the treatment

Question 22

withdrawals

Answer 22

patients who decline to continue or are dropped from the study

Question 23

drop outs

Answer 23

results will not be known

Question 48

drop outs

Answer 48

results will not be known