Tranq and sedatives

Question 1

Two major types of sedatives/tranqs

Answer 1

Major (phenothiazines, butyrophenones, alpha-2’s); Minor- benzodiazepinesq

Question 2

Phenothiazines- MOA

Answer 2

D2 dopaminergic receptor agonist and alpha receptor antagonist in periphery (blocking NE)

Question 3

Phenothiazines- examples

Answer 3

acepromazine, promazine

Question 4

Effects of 2 MOAs of phenothiazines

Answer 4

D2 antagonist- sedation/tranq; alpha-2 antagonist - vasodilation

Question 5

Acepromazine- MOA

Answer 5

D2 antag, alpha2 antag

Question 6

Acepromazine- uses

Answer 6

Sedation, tranq, anti-emetic, anti-arrhythmic

Question 7

Acepromazine- SEs

Answer 7

Decreased myocardial contractility, vasodilation and decreased BP, dehydration, coagulopathy

Question 8

Promazine- route

Answer 8

Inj or oral granules

Question 9

Acepromazine- contraindications

Answer 9

Boxers (more sensitive), consumptive coagulopathies due to decreased platelet aggregation, hypotension, DCM!!!!!, liver/renal dz

Question 10

Acepromazine- when to use in horses

Answer 10

Prolong alpha2 like xylazine, reverse alpha2 vasoconstriction

Question 11

Benzodiazepines- MOA

Answer 11

a1, a1, gamma subunits of GABAa channel to increase GABA affinity and increase chlorine into cell

Question 12

Benzodiazepines- effects

Answer 12

Sed, anxiolysis, muscle relax, anticonvulsive

Question 13

Benzodiazepines- examples

Answer 13

diazepam, midazolam, zolazepam

Question 14

Diazepam- MOA

Answer 14

a1, a1, gamma subunits of GABAa channel to increase GABA affinity and increase chlorine into cell

Question 15

Diazepam- BBB?

Answer 15

Yes and placenta

Question 16

Diazepam- route

Answer 16

No IM- pain, hemolysis

Question 17

Diazepam- metabolism

Answer 17

Hepatic oxidative- nor- and oxa- metabolites

Question 18

What causes persistent or permanent penile paralysis rarely in horses

Answer 18

Acepromazine

Question 19

Midazolam- type

Answer 19

Benzo

Question 20

Midazolam vs diazepam solubility

Answer 20

mid- h20, diaz- lipid

Question 21

Midazolam vs diazepam advantages

Answer 21

mixes better with other drugs

Question 22

Midazolam vs diazepam potency and duration

Answer 22

mid more potent, shorter

Question 23

Midazolam- BBB

Answer 23

Yes, and placenta

Question 24

Zolazepam- type

Answer 24

Benzo

Question 25

Zolazepam- uses

Answer 25

Telazol- Anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant

Question 26

Name a reversal agent for benzo

Answer 26

Flumazenil- benzo antagonist

Question 27

Name the most potent benzo

Answer 27

Zolazepam

Question 28

Describe MOA of alpha2agonists (a2A)

Answer 28

Act on sympathetic to mimic NE and EP to decrease NE

Question 29

a2Ag- examples

Answer 29

Xylazine, detomidine, dexmedetomidine, romididine

Question 30

Which a2Ag has lowest a2:a1 affinity

Answer 30

Xylazine

Question 31

What effect does a1 agonism have

Answer 31

possible paradoxical aggression source

Question 32

What class of drugs exibits reflex bradycardia

Answer 32

a2Ag

Question 33

Describe a2:a1 affinity

Answer 33

higher ratio- more specific for sedation/tranq

Question 34

Which drug in which class produces the least ataxia

Answer 34

Romifidine (a2Ag)

Question 35

What is the most selective a2Ag

Answer 35

dexmedetomidine

Question 36

Which a2Ag has highest HR and CO

Answer 36

dexmedetomidine

Question 37

Which a2Ag has the longest duration of action

Answer 37

Detomidine (horses and cats)

Question 38

What are the reversal drugs for a2Ag and what is their MOA

Answer 38

a2Antag’s : tolazoline, yohimbine, atipamezole

Question 39

What kind of reversals are each of the a2Antags

Answer 39

Tolazoline and yohimbine are non-selective; atipamezole is selective for alpha2

Question 40

Reverse xylazine

Answer 40

Yohimbine or tolazoline

Question 41

Reverse dexmedetomidine

Answer 41

Atepamezole

Question 42

Flumazenil- MOA

Answer 42

Benzo receptor antagonist- competitive; reversal for benzodiazepines