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Psych116-personality and individual difference > Traits, types & psychometrics > Flashcards

Traits, types & psychometrics Flashcards

1
Q

psychometrics=

A

the field of study concerned with the theory & technique of psychological measurement (how we measure, what are assumptions underlying etc)

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2
Q

Classic Test Theory: Basic idea?

A

basic psychometric theory that attempts to map constructs to data

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3
Q

Classic Test Theory: Fundamental idea> (6)

A
  • construct under study has “true” score: ‘T’
  • attempt to measure construct with X
  • Try to get X as close to T as possible
  • X+T= Error
  • Error is due to fact, process of measuring has some impact on construct itself
  • Known as “observational error”
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4
Q

CTT: Types of error> (5)

A
  • Misunderstandings (e.g. when self-reporting)
  • Idiosyncratic interpretations (e.g. neurodiverse)
  • Distractions (e.g. when online survey)
  • Time pressure (e.g. time of day, being in rush etc)
  • Time of day, year etc
    >error presumed to be randomly distributed; error averages out to 0 across measures
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5
Q

Personality data can be evaluated through 2 key concepts>

A

> reliability
validity

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6
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability=

A

how consistent/dependable a particular measure is

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7
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> ways to consider/explore> (3)

A

> Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Inter-observer reliability

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8
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> (1) Test re-test reliability>

A

> Does the same measure give the same result each time?

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9
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> (1) Test re-test reliability> Limitations>

A
  • not practical to access identical sample every time
  • fatigue effect: different outcomes due to tiredness of participants
  • familiarity: knowledge of survey may compromise data collection
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10
Q

Fatigue effect=

A

different outcomes due to tiredness of participants

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11
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> (2) Internal consistency>

A

Are different measures looking at the same underlying thing? (e.g. 5 items looking at different aspects of extraversion)

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12
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> (2) Internal consistency> tests/ methods>

A

> Split-half test: Ans to similar qns should correlate if split in half (however correlations are influenced by HOW items are split)
Cronbach’s alpha= statistical method for exploring these internal consistencies with a subscale

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13
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> (3) Inter-observer reliability>

A

> is there agreement in measurement between different researches observing same area of research?
to avoid bias, researchers observe the same behaviour INDEPENDENTLY & compare their data

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14
Q

Evaluating personality data: (1) Reliability> (3) inter-observer reliability> methods

A

1) Training observers in same observation techniques
2) Behavioural categories operationalised (objectively define what asking for from start)

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15
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity=

A

way of considering if the measure if measuring what you THINK it is measuring

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16
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> Types of validity measures>

A

> criterion validity
construct validity
content validity
discriminant validity
ecological validity
face validity

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17
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (1) Criterion validity=

A

to what degree can the scale predictively measure constructs

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18
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (1) criterion validity> 3 types>

A

> convergent validity= compare results with established method (e.g. new questionnaire & established scale)

> predictive validity= does measure predict a relevant behaviour or task performance

> retrospective validity= how the measure correlates with past occurrence of such behaviour (e.g. measuring risky behaviour & access to hospital records)

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19
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (2) Construct validity=

A

is scale measuring what it claims to measure (e.g. is ‘arrogance’ measure exclusively measuring arrogance or narcissism aswell)

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20
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (2) Construct validity> Threats:

A
  • mismatch between operational definition & construct
  • researcher bias
  • procedural errors
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21
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (3) content validity=

A

how much of construct is captured by the item (e.g. is it measuring ONE aspect of empathy (i.e. towards animals) or attempting to capture a GENERAL disposition)

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22
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (3) content validity> methods>

A
  • exploratory factor analysis= statistical method for REDUCING a large set of measures to the CORE underlying dimensions of a construct
23
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (4) Discriminant validity=

A

discriminating between measures (e.g. poor DV is a scale measuring self-confidence but it also captures aspects of narcissism)

24
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (5) Ecological validity=

A

are the questionnaires (which are conducted in a lab setting), applicable in REAL-WORLD contexts

25
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (5) Ecological validity> criticism to take into account>

A
  • common criticism of psych studies over-using undergrad pscyh student sampling> limited sample
  • over-focus on WEIRD societies
26
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (6) Face validity=

A

does it INTUITIVELY seem to measure the construct (i.e the item appears to be a reasonable measure of the construct to a lay person)

27
Q

Evaluating personality data: (2) Validity> (5) Face validity> limitations>

A
  • researcher bias
  • requires empirical validity to legitimise (i.e. demonstration of accuracy via experimentation and/or observation)
28
Q

Threats to validity>

A

> Time= events may occur which alter behaviour of participant
Historical events= events can change responses to phenomena explored (e.g. OCD tendencies during pandemic= higher)
maturation= longitudinal study on ‘young people’, susceptible to other factors, as young people change e.g. reading ability in children= not always steady increase)
group threats= different tactics of recruitment to studies between experimental & control group can impact investment/commitment to study (e.g. volunteers vs non-volunteers)

29
Q

Exploring personality theories»

A

> Initial premise: (e.g. extraverts should have bigger social networks)
Therefore: (extraverts should have more social support in times of need)
Therefore: (extraverts should show better recovery outcomes after traumatic injury/illness)

30
Q

What is the great trait debate?

A

Debate as to whether personality is best understood as ‘Types’ or ‘Dimensional traits?’

31
Q

The Great Trait Debate> Types= (3)

A

-a binary
- consistent over life time
- person-centred

32
Q

The Great Trait Debate> Types> Different areas of enquiry> (4)

A
  • Phrenology: (bumps on head- to denote P type)
  • Jung’s psychological functions= idea of 2 types of person: (1) rational; (2) irrational (thinking/feeling; sensing/intuition)
  • Type A/B personality theory
  • Myers-Briggs personality types
33
Q

The Great Trait Debate> Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)> 8 domains>

A
  1. Extraversion (E)
  2. Introversion (I)
  3. Sensing (S)
  4. Intuition (N)
  5. Thinking (T)
  6. Feeling (F)
  7. Judging (J)
  8. Perceiving (P)
34
Q

The Great Trait Debate> Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)> 8 domains> 4 continuums categorised into>

A

1) Introversion vs Extraversion (I-E)
2) Sensing vs intuition (S-N)
3) Thinking vs Feeling (T-F)
4) Judging vs Perceiving (J-P)

35
Q

The Great Trait Debate> Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)> what is it?

A
  • 8 domains (I,E,S,N,T,F, J,P) categorised > 4 continnums (IE, SN, TF, JP)>
  • many qns asked to determine place on continuums
  • outcome of 16 personality types: determines by which type closest to in each domain (e.g. 52% E=E)
  • each type has description of ‘your’ qualities
36
Q

Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)> indicator instrument> (2)

A

1) in-person with a certified practitioner
2) online instrument

37
Q

Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI) Cons>

A

> ‘industry’ of MBTI: (commercialised)
-includes selling the instrument
-training program to get certification for practitioners
-focus on corporations (ans to corporate problems: i.e. motivation)

38
Q

Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)> pros: supporting research

A

> MBTI & learning: (murphy, 2020):
-relationship between types & preferred teaching methods (e.g. extraverts & student-teacher interaction; Introverts & independent work)
Meta-analysis: (Randall, 2017)
-validity & reliability assessment= good reliability for E-I, S-N, & J-P subscales (but poor ecological validity for J-P: ‘real world’)

39
Q

Types> Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI)> Critical research>

A

> Internal consistency= participant can self-verify the results
“Forer effect”= vague & positive descriptions mean MBTI is highly susceptible to over-interpretation
“True self claim”= how does a measure of CONSCIOUS preferences reveal HIDDEN true self?

40
Q

Types> A & B personality types> Type A

A

> Pattern behaviour:
-competitive
-high achievers
-time urgent
-hostile
Outcomes:
-70% if men with heart disease were type A (same differences evident among women)
-hostility may be main contributing factor

41
Q

Types> A & B personality types> Type B>

A

Pattern behaviour:
-patient
-people pleasers
-creative
-relaxed
Outcomes:
-less likely to engage in ‘presentism’ beavhiour at work

42
Q

Types> A & B personality types> Beyond binary>

A

> Type C= submissive, emotionally retentive
Type D= negative, low self-esteem
Type T= thrill seeking, risk takers

not much evidence/research however

43
Q

Dimensional traits»

A

continuous distributions:
>not completely DISTINCTIVE types, but VARIATIONS around universal psychological constructs
>not qualitatively different, but relatively high or low scores on a CONTINUOUS distribution

44
Q

Dimensional traits> OCEAN personality traits>

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
45
Q

Dimensional traits: critical research»

A
  • limiting paradigm= traits are based on WEIRD-based cultural presumptions & lack reliability in other cultural contexts
  • a traits for potential for change= ‘openness’ trait changes in work-based contexts over time
  • social desirability bias= model susceptible to a participants desire to present their best self
46
Q

Dimensional traits: OCEAN personality traits> supporting evidence>

A

> Financial behaviour= OCEAN traits found to predict financial based behaviours (e.g. extraversion & risk-taking)
Pro-environmental attitudes= (e.g. openness> reliable predictor of conservation attitudes)
Covid-based risk perception= (e.g. conscientiousness predicted perceived travel risk during pandemic)
Autonomic nervous system= sig relationship between ANS & conscientiousness)

47
Q

Types vs dimensional traits: amount vs catgeory>

A

> DT: focused on AMOUNT ; PTT: sorting into categories

48
Q

Types vs dimensional traits> Behaviour

A

DT: Behaviour is CAUSED BY traits; a REDUCTIVE approach
PT: Behaviour is an EXPRESSION of type; a PURPOSIVE approach

49
Q

Types vs dimensional traits> Distribution:

A

DT: normally distributed
PT: Bimodal/ skewed distributions

50
Q

Types vs dimensional traits: Measuring>

A

DT: involves measuring amounts
PTT: qualitatively distinct, idea of ‘inborn’ preferences

51
Q

Types vs dimensional traits: too much/little>

A

DT: Too much or too little is often NEGATIVE or DIAGNOSTIC
PTT: Too much or too little is irrelevant

52
Q

Types vs dimensional traits> key areas of difference>

A
  • Amount/category
  • Behaviour
  • Distribution
  • Measuring
  • Too much/ little
53
Q

The great trait debate: ADV of traits>

A
  • Better at predicting outcomes than PT
  • context dependent sensitivity compared with PT
  • Makes less assumptions about innateness
    >defining a person by PT may be useful in certain context but not scientifically/psychologically accurate

Psych116-personality and individual difference (9 decks)

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