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Psych116-personality and individual difference > Structure of personality > Flashcards

Structure of personality Flashcards

1
Q

Lexical hypothesis= (2)

A

1) personality characteristics most important to the person will become part of their language
2) most important personality characteristics described in a single word (e.g. neurotic)>

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2
Q

Lexical approach: “Measurement of character”- Galton 1884=

A

> included 1000 words that differ in meaning describing character

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3
Q

lexical approach> overall

A

> overall: look at idea language itself can be used to explore & understand individual difference between people

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4
Q

why did Galton’s 1984 ‘lexical hypothesis’ not take hold for several decades?>

A

Due to Galton’s advocation for ‘eugenics’; idea human race should engage in selective breeding to reach “full potential”
>thus people were skeptical about him & thus his other ideas

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5
Q

Lexcial approach: Allport & Odbert, 1936> main idea

A

idea “fundamental” descriptors should have many words

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6
Q

Lexcial approach: Allport & Odbert, 1936> Groups 1-4

A
  • Group 1: Personality traits (4504): (e.g. ‘brave’, “ferocious”)
  • Group 2: Temporary States (4541) (e.g.”impressed”, “mad”)
  • Group 3: Social evaluations (5226) (e.g. “brainless” “admirable”)
  • Group 4: misc (3862) (e.g. “incapacitated”, “afflicted”)
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7
Q

Lexcial approach: Problems with Allport & Odbert, 1936>

A

very broad scope of words; difficult to implement in real-world setting & used to study/predict behaviour

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8
Q

Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> (1) Factor analysis

A
  • built on allport & odbert initial list of P traits; cut down to ‘core essentials’
  • early use of factor analysis
  • focused on meaningful CLUSTERS of personality traits
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9
Q

Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> (2) Post-factor analysis (4)

A
  • Analysis found 16 factors known as PRIMARY traits
  • idea score would emerge as personality description, which would act as insight into different personalities
  • found his factors were hierarchical
  • went on to develop global traits (5)
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10
Q

Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> Primary traits> list> (16)

A
  • warm
  • lively
  • bold
  • private
  • self-reliant
  • emotionally stable
  • vigilant
  • apprehensive
  • sensitive
  • tension
  • abstracted
  • open to change
  • dominant
  • vigilant
  • rule-conscious
  • perfectionistic
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11
Q

Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> Global traits> list> (5)

A
  • Extraversion
  • Anxiety/ neuroticism
  • Tough mindedness
  • Independence
  • Self-control
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12
Q

Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> (1) primary & global traits> Pros>

A
  • Good, robust test
  • Difficult for participants to ascertain what is & isnt desirable> thus stops them engaging in ‘social desirability biases’ behaviours
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13
Q

Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> Primary & Global traits> Cons

A
  • very difficult to replicate
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14
Q

Hans Eysenck & typological biological theory of personality> (3)

A
  • looked at limbic system structure (inherited by parents) & how this affects personality manifestation
  • proposed 2 factors, then 3 factors
  • proposed the PEN model
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15
Q

Hans Eysenck & PEN model> (3)

A
  • Extraversion vs Introversion
  • Neuroticism vs emotional stability
  • Psychoticism vs normality
    >each related to a biological function
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16
Q

Hans Eysenck: TBTOP> Extraversion vs introversion (3)

A
  • based on cortical arousal (cerebal cortex & firing of neurons in response to external stimuli> increases heart rate, sweating etc)
  • related to social interest & positive effect
  • or could be dopamine-responsivity based?
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17
Q

Hans Eysenck: TBTOP> Neuroticism vs emotional stability>

A
  • based on activation thresholds (SNS- ‘fight’ or ‘flight’)
  • activation threshold differences between neurotic & emotionally stable
18
Q

Hans Eysenck: TBTOP> Psychoticism vs normality> (3)

A
  • Based on increased testosterone levels
  • Focused on likelihood of experiencing a psychotic breakdown (more testosterone= more likely)
  • Also connected to likelihood of engaging in aggressive acts
19
Q

The five factor model> (3)

A
  • widespread attempt to unify everyone’s findings
  • spanned BLIS typology: self/informant reports, educational, employment outcomes
  • heavy use of psychometric testing of predictive validities, reliabilities etc
20
Q

The five factor model> 5 primary factors (OCEAN) (goldberg, 1990)

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
21
Q

5 factor model> Trait relationships> (2)+(1)

A
  • 5 traits are ORTHOGONAL (statistically independent)
  • Exception: saucier, 2002, argues there is crossover due to construction of questionnaire (scale construction process)
  • specifically S argues: negative correlations often appear between neuroticism & extraversion
22
Q

5 factor model> Openness> Description & outcomes>

A

Description=
- intelligent, witty
- creative, perceptive,
- “open”
Outcomes=
- more liberal, educated,
- more intellectually “gullible”
- substance abuse

23
Q

Which is the most controversial & unreliable of the big 5>

A

Openness: as difficult to measure creativity

24
Q

5 factor model> Openness> Supporting evidence> (3)

A
  • pro-environmental attitudes:
    -high openness > predictor of conservation attitudes
  • Approach to learning:
    -structural & correlational modelling tests- O found to be linked to deep learning
  • cultural competence:
    -openness main predictor of openness to universal-diverse orientation (appreciation of human diversity q
25
Q

5 factor model> Conscientiousness> Description & outcomes>

A

Description:
- Responsible, trustworhty, reliable
- Detail-oriented, tidy
Outcomes:
- Academic success
- Lower absenteeism
- Greater longevity
- most commonly used in industrial-organisational settings

26
Q

5 factor model> Conscientiousness> Supporting evidence> (3)

A

> covid-based risk perception:
-conscientious significantly predicted perceived travel risk during pandemic
Financial behaviour:
-conscientiousness predicts numerical literacy
Autonomic nervous system
-signals relationship between ANS & conscientiousness

27
Q

5 factor model> Extraversion> Description & outcomes>

A

Description:
- likes being around others
- sociable, outgoing, energetic
- Reward sensitive, positive affect
Outcomes:
- popularity
- physically attractive
- substance abuse
- common across virtually all personality frameworks

28
Q

5 factor model> Extraversion> supporting evidence>

A

> financial behaviour:
-extraversion predicted risk-taking behaviour with personal finances
COVID lockdown:
- high extraversion associated with increased perception of stressfulness
Military training
-High extraversion predicts excellence in simulation-based and communication-based performance

29
Q

5 factor model> Agreeableness> Description & Outcomes>

A

Description:
- likeable, warm, cooperative
- conforming, friendly compliance
- gets along well with others
Outcomes:
- less likely to be victim of bullying
- good sense of humour
- faster recovery from injury/illness (stronger/larger support network)
- happier personal/romantic relationship
- high self-regulation? (better at supressing own sense of self/desires to please another person)

30
Q

5 factor model> Agreeableness> supporting evidence>

A

> Interpersonal conflict:
-high openness is predictor of moderating behaviour for interpersonal conflicts
social-cultural sensitivity:
- agreeableness a predictor of religiosity in relgious-focused cultures
long-term relationships:
-agreeableness the stronger predictor of successful marital adjustment

31
Q

5 factor model> Neuroticism> Description & outcomes>

A

Description:
- negative emotions
- stronger, more likely under ambiguity
- complaints
- threat sensitivity (real or perceived)
- correlates with everything “bad”
Outcomes:
- worse personal relationships
- lower job satisfaction
- higher rates of psychopathology
- common across virtually all personality frameworks

32
Q

5 factor model> neuroticism> supporting evidence>

A

> cohort comparisons- undergrad
-arts/humanities & psych students scored highest on
neuroticism
predictor of social anxiety
-link between social phobia & high neuroticism personality trait
-high neuroticism, alongside perfectionist traits predicts social anxiety

33
Q

Criticisms of big 5 model> (6)

A
  • Lack a foundational theory= (big 5 was empirical finding)
  • Cultural context= based on WEIRD cultural presumptions & lack reliability in other cultural contexts
  • Orthogonal claims= lack of clarity as to the claim of entirely independent factors
  • Traits potential for change= model doesnt offer idea traits can change/ develop over time
  • Just five?- what about other personality traits (e.g. optimist)
  • Process of development- factor analysis not well-supported as a rigorous means of selecting from a range of factors
34
Q

HEXACO model>

A

based on 5 traits model
includes a 6th dimension: Honesty- Humility> with 4 facets

35
Q

HEXACO model: honesty-humility dimension>

A
  1. sincerity
  2. Fairness
  3. Greed avoidance
  4. Modesty
    Focus= the extent to which an individual promotes their own self-interest above others
36
Q

HEXACO model: honesty-humility dimension> impact of High & low score>

A

High score= sincere, fair, honest
Low score= manipulative, narcissist, & self-focused

37
Q

HEXACO model> changes to big 5>

A

> new trait “emotionality”:
-aligns with trait of neuroticism, but also includes “sentimentality” (less NEGATIVELY focused than 5 factor model)

38
Q

How is HEXACO model measured?>

A

HEXACO Personality Inventory-revised (HEXACO-PI-R)
>self-report
>observer report

39
Q

HEXACO model> supporting evidence>

A
  • honesty-humility dimension is predictive of life aspirations
  • model offered more insight into RELATIONSHIP between traits & phobic tendencies than 5FM
  • model has adv over 5Fm in predicting psychological wellbeing
40
Q

HEXACO model> criticisms

A
  • Condon (2017) assessment of 700 statement-based personality tests= 5 broad traits not 6
  • Meta-analysis: workplace deviancy (people who engage in destructive behaviour at work)
    —>found “fairness” facet was as predictive as ALL OTHER dimensions combined, thus poor predictive value in context
    -overly easy to develop complimentary trait to 5 factor (as 5F are so broad ranging)

Psych116-personality and individual difference (9 decks)

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