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Individuals and Groups > Traits > Flashcards

Traits Flashcards

1
Q

Describe “personality types”

A
  • diagnosing people as members (or not) of a particular category
  • “He’s Anal” = certain characteristics
  • Encourages dichotomous + polarised thinking
  • -> can = overgeneralisation
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2
Q

What are Jung’s interpretation of “types”?

A
  • more on a scale
  • more introverted
  • -> dominant concern w/ internal objects of knowledge - the self
  • More extraverted
  • -> dominant concern with external objects of knowledge - the world
  • both types use all four functions
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3
Q

What are Jung’s 4 functions?

A
  • 4 dynamic by which all people know themselves + the world
  • Sensation = perception
  • Thinking = logic
  • Intuiting = via UCs
  • Feeling = evaluation/ judgement
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4
Q

How did Myers + Briggs modify + extend “Jung’s ideas?

A
  • paired + contrasted so instead of saying you are THIS can say you Favour/ dominated scale
  • -> sensation vs intuition
  • -> thinking vs feeling
  • Added
  • -> judging vs perception
  • Mixed in
  • -> introversion vs extraversion
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5
Q

What is not so good about using “types” to understand personality?

A
  • not reliable = suggests no invariability but people changeeee bro
  • not valid
  • not comprehensive = missing stuff: emotional stability
  • Not independent = easy to be high on ‘opposite’
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6
Q

What are traits?

A

= movement away from types
- dimensions of personality on which individuals vary
EG: everyone is introvert + extrovert to some extent
- depends on situation

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7
Q

traits are….

A
  • personal (internal) rather than situational
  • stable vs transitory
  • consistent vs inconsistent (across similar situations)
  • can be relatively broad or narrow (across different situations)
  • Potentially universal dimensions
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8
Q

What are Allport’s non-common traits?

A
  1. Cardinal traits
    - single defining traits rarely chracterise individuals (like types)
  2. Central traits
    - what we mainly mean now
    - mentioned in recommendation letters
  3. Secondary traits
    - like central but more specific to particular response
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9
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

A
  • all aspects of human personality have already become recorded in the substance of language
    = broad terms
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10
Q

What is factor analysis?

A
  • principe statistical method of most trait theorist
  • similar pattern in particular groups of words resulting in an umbrella cluster
  • -> conscientious = orderly, punctual
    • you only get what you put in issue
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11
Q

What is Raymond Cattell’s 16PF?

A
  • 16 PF

- a measure with things he thought were missing and important with other personality traits

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12
Q

What models did Hans Eyseneck develop?

A
  • Big two
  • -> intro vs extro
  • -> unstable vs stable
  • Big 3
  • -> included those who are not normal = pscyhoticism vs neuroticism
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13
Q

What is Costa + McCrar’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits?

A
  • OCEAN
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
  • -> produced from interviews vs lexical hypothesis
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14
Q

What is the discussion about the vaildity of personality tests based on?

A
  • are people just changing = measures still valid

- OR measure just not valid??

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15
Q

What is the difference between the Big 5 and the FFM?

A

FFM: OCEAN

  • Openness = Intellect
  • Extraversion = surgency
  • Neuroticism = emotional stability
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16
Q

Why do people challenge the claim that the FFM is comprehensive?

A
  • not not exhaustively measure individual differences in personality
  • eg like an exam where you extrapolate they know shit
17
Q

What is the model hypothesis?

A
  • where almost every personality trait is substantially related to one or more of the 5 factors
  • not worth having a 6th factor so = miscellaneous
18
Q

What is good about research into the BIG 5?

A
  • compatible with neuroscience

- predictive in specific areas eg jobs + anti vs pro social behaviour

19
Q

What are facets of a trait?

A
  • smaller similar characteristics that contribute to the trait
    EG: agreeableness —> trust, altruism
20
Q

What is trait breadth?

A
  • trait can have intermediate levels between the trait and the facets
21
Q

What are the facets for the FFM trait: Openness?

A

Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas

22
Q

What are the facets for the FFM trait: Conscientiousness

A

Through, responsible, preserving

23
Q

What are the facets for the FFM trait: Extraversion

A

Warmth, assertiveness, positive emotions, excitement seeking

24
Q

What are the facets for the FFM trait: Agreeableness

A

Good natured, not jealous, mild, co-operative

25
Q

What are the facets for the FFM trait: Neuroticism

A

Depression, impulsiveness, anxiety, hostility

26
Q

What are the following things: BFI-2, Hexaco, The big one?

A
  • model of personality traits

- each with facets

27
Q

What did Chapman and Goldberg find in 2017 about those who sang in the shower?

A

Those who are highly agreeable seem to be more likely to sing
- so could use more covert ways to derive personality traits?

28
Q

Other than singing in the shower being a covert way of measuring a person’s agreeableness, what else has been explored?

A
  • “likes”
  • looking at the things people have liked on their social media
    = market segmentation - where they target specific news/ products addressing the info in their preferred way using this info
29
Q

Who is Carole Cadwalladr et al?

A
  • people who exposed cambridge analytica

- where companies were exploiting info gathered from “likes” for political gain

30
Q

What did McAdams in 1993 develop and why?

A
  • belived FFM was not good as it impoverished an individual

- more important to see how these traits manifested to understand

31
Q

What are the different levels of manifestation of a trait you should observe according to McAdams?

A

lvl 1: dispositional traits
- potentially unchanging biology (basic tendencies)

lvl 2: Personal concerns
- enduring but developing motivational + strategic individual concerns (characteristic adaptations)

lvl 3: Life narrative
- actively choosing a meaningful life story

32
Q

What are the 2 different ways of looking at people’s personality?

A
  1. Rank order stability/ change

2. Mean level stability/ change

33
Q

What is rank order stability/ change?

A
  • avg of people’s traits scores relative to their peers across time
    = on avg: a person high in a trait relative to their peers at t1 will be high in the trait relative to their peer at t2
  • a ‘variable centred’ concept
34
Q

What is mean level stability/ change?

A
  • the avg of a cohort’s trait scores compared across time

= On avg: people within a cohort often don’t change much - tells us nothing if circumstances change a lot

35
Q

What factors can cause individual personality change?

A
  1. Context effects
    - with friends or parents
  2. Life-changing events
    - trauma, dementia
  3. Dissociative identity disorder
    - the three faces of eve
36
Q

How has the DSM5 approached different personality psychopathologies?

A
  • hybrid dimensional-categorical model
  • 6 specific personality disorder types
  • multiple traits
37
Q

What are the 6 specifc personality disorder types listed in the DSM5?

A
  • antisocial
  • avoidant
  • borderline narcissistic
  • Obsessive-compulsive
  • Schizotype
38
Q

What are the multiple traits listed in the DSM5?

A
  • Negative affectivity
  • Detachment
  • Antagonism
  • Disinhibition vs compulsivity
  • Psychoticism
39
Q

What is an issue with the diagnosis process for a personality disorder (type)?

A
  • eg Anitsocial personality type
  • -> made up of facets
  • -> made up of smaller facets
  • -> can score high on one facet than other
  • -> which means not everyone who gets this diagnosis are the same and may require different treatments etc

Individuals and Groups (6 decks)

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