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Individuals and Groups > STUPID: CCC: Impulse control > Flashcards

STUPID: CCC: Impulse control Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the case of Phineas Gage

A
  • large metal bar through his frontal cortex = orbitofrontal cortes
  • good health but something was not quite righttttt
  • impatient, indulging, gross profanity
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2
Q

What is psychosurgery

A
  • severing or disabling part of the brain to treat mental illness
  • LOBOTOMY = severing connection in the prefrontal cortex
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3
Q

Why was lobotomy so bad?

A
  • results varied wayyy too much
  • -> some vegetables
  • -> some normal
  • -> some very impulsive + childlike
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4
Q

What marked the end of lobotomies as a treatment of mental illnesses?

A

Antipsychotic: Thorazine by GSK

- used to treat mainly SZ + Manic episodes

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5
Q

Other than dividing the brain into their functions, how else can the brain be mapped?

A
  • Cytoarchitectonic devidion

= mapped based on where similar cell types are found

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6
Q

What is the function of the frontal cortex?

A
  • makes you choose the harder thing to do as it would be the most beneficial in LT vs short + easy thing
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7
Q

What type of discounting was found in people with medial orbitofrontal damage to future rewards?

A
  • Myopic discounting

- swapping for the shorter reward much quicker

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8
Q

What is the Iowa Gambling task?

A
  • subject chooses from 4 decks of cards
  • total of 100 choices from decks
  • 2 decks large short-term gain, long-term gain
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9
Q

What were the findings in the Iowa gambling test for patients who sustained unilateral focal damage to the frontal lobes, who had frontal lesions and substance dependent subjects?

A
  • unilateral focal damage = patient

- frontal lesion + substance dependent = impaired decision making in spite of obvious failures

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10
Q

What are the main types of substances being abused?

A
  • alcohol
  • Nicotine
  • Opioid agnoists: Heroin, morphine
  • Psychostimulants: cocaine, amphetamines
  • THC: WEED
  • Sedatives: Benxodiazepines
  • Hallucinogens:
  • -> psychedelics - LSD, DMT
  • -> Dissociative: Ketamine, alcohol
  • -> Deliriants: atropine, scopolamine
  • inhalents
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11
Q

What reasons are there for why people take drugs?

A
  • experimentation
  • pleasures
  • medication
  • peer pressure
    • not the same as why they get addicted
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12
Q

What does addiction mean?

A

“bound” or devoted to

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13
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of drug addiction?

A
  1. Compulsive drug seeking + taking
  2. Inability to stop + high rates of relapse after cessation
  3. Why drug become more wanted and less liked
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14
Q

Say 60% of people try illicit drugs, what % actually go on to develop a drug addiction?

A

5-10% develop drug addiction

- very few, who try, actually go on to develop a drug addiction

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15
Q

What are the general criteria for Substance Use disorder in the DSM-5?

A
  • problematic pattern of use
  • clinically significant impairment to their every day life
  • -> failure to fulfil major role obligations
  • occurring within a 12 month period
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16
Q

How many symptoms need to be present if the substance use disorder is considered severe?

A
  • severe = 6+
  • Moderate = 4-5
  • Mild = 2-3
17
Q

Where is the primary reward circuitry located?

A
  • found in the medial forebrain bundel
  • Venreal tegmental area
  • -> mesolimbic dopamine pathway
  • Nucleus accumbens
  • -> mesocortical pathway
18
Q

What brain changes have been found in those who abuse alcohol and in polysubstance abusers?

A
  • alcohol = reduced cortical gray matter volume

- polysubstance abusers = smaller volume of preforntal lobe

19
Q

What has PET scans of glucose metabolism in control and cocaine abuser shown?

A
  • Reduced orbitofrontal cortex function vs control
20
Q

Cue-induced cocaine craving activated what parts of the brain?

A

ACC - anterior singulate cortex

OFC - orbitofrontal cortex

21
Q

What did they find when methamphetamnie-dependent subjects were asked to perform a delay discounting task?

A
  • more likely to quickly choose the smaller-immediate reward

- smaller in opioid-using + recovering subjects

22
Q

Although LT drug use has shown to increase impulsive behaviour due to changes in preforntal cortex, what alternative avenue is there?

A
  • particular individual “traits” of impulsivity may put people in a higher risk of drug taking?
23
Q

What is the 5-choice serial reaction time task and how can this support the exploration of the impulsivity trait being a factor in drug abuse?

A
  • rats told where reward is
  • observed behaviour just before light/ after light
    = high impulse animals take a lot more drug throughout
  • so already impulsive and this just made them more vulnerable
24
Q

What is the prefrontal model on addiction; Janrsch + Taylor, 1999?

A
  • impulse control
  • increased likelihood of taking drugs
  • drug intake
  • drug-induced structural and functional changes in prefrontal regions
  • cycle beings again

Individuals and Groups (6 decks)

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