Training Adaptation

Question 1

MUSCLE ADAPTATION

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 1

Increasing its size

Within fibre type transition

Enhancing biochemical and ultrastructure components

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increase in fibre size (occurs in parallel)

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

Increase in fibre numbers

Question 4

2 types of hypertrophy

Answer 4

1. Sarcoplasmic (increase in sarcoplasmic volume )

2. Myofibrillar hypertrophy (Increase in myofibrillar number)

Question 5

Satellite

Answer 5

Sense muscle damage

Question 6

Causes of Hypertrophy

Answer 6

Mechanical tension

Metabolic stress

Muscle damage

Question 7

Mechanotransduction

Answer 7

cells sense and respond to mechanical stimuliby converting them to biochemical signals that elicit specific cellular responses.

Question 8

Metabolic Stress

Answer 8

Increased Acid (Hydrogen Ions)
Accumulation of Lactate
Muscle Ischemia (inadequate blood supply )
Glycolysis

Question 9

Metabolic Stress

Answer 9

Leads to Increased

• > Fiber recruitment
• > Hormones
• > cellular swelling

Question 10

Myogenesis

Answer 10

Replacement of old/damaged muscle fibres

myoblast form myotubular which mature into new fibres

Question 11

Pennation Angle

Answer 11

2-5 degree increase due to hypertrophy thickening fibre width hence angle increase

Question 12

NEURAL ADAPTATION to training

Answer 12

Increased :

• > Neuromuscular Junction
• > EMG signals
• > Golgi tendon organ (GTO) reflex reduction
• > Post activation potentiation

Question 13

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 13

Training Increases area of neuromuscular junction

More dispersed synapses

Greater total length of nerve terminal branching

Increased end-plate perimeter

Question 14

EMG

Answer 14

Training Increases area of neuromuscular junction

More dispersed synapses

Greater total length of nerve terminal branching

Increased end-plate perimeter

Question 15

Benefits of increased EMG

Answer 15

Motor unit firing frequency

Motor unit recruitment

Motor unit synchronization

Question 16

POST ACTIVATION POTENTIATION

Answer 16

PAP is an increase in muscle twitch and low-frequency tetanic force after a contractile activity.
Quicker recruitment of fibers.
Preferential Type II recruitment

Question 17

Benefits of PAP

Answer 17

Increase motor neuron pool excitability

Better synchronisation

Increase acetylcholine release

Greater central input to motor neuron

Question 18

BONE ADAPTATION

increased bone strength due to :

Answer 18

increased :
deposition of mineral salts
production of collagen

Question 19

Types of Bone

Answer 19

Compact

Cortical

Question 20

Wolffs Law

Answer 20

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

Question 21

Causes of Bone adaption

Answer 21

Tension
Shear + Torsion
Compression

Question 22

COLLAGEN ADAPTATION

Answer 22

A triple-helical protein that forms fibrils of great tensile strength; a major component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissues.

Question 23

Collagen types

Answer 23

Type I - Muscle, tendons, skin, bones
Type II - Cartilage
Type V - Cell surface, Hair

Question 24

Collagen Adaptaion

Answer 24

Increase in collagen fibril diameter
Increase number
Increase density

Question 25

The benefit of Tendon Stiffness

Answer 25

Increases ground reaction force and can lead to increased efficiency in movement.