Trading - Secondary Market 6% Flashcards
What risk is involved with a long or short position?
Long has limited risk, can lose investment
Short has potential unlimited risk, as if the stock goes up, they will owe more than they did
Difference between a bull and a bear
a bear sells first, buys second
Capacity of Broker/Dealer
Acts as either one or the other, never both.
as a broker when matching of a buyer and a seller
- said to be acting in an agent capacity - firm charges a commission, think ABC (agent, broker, commission) - involves no risk to the broker/dealer
as a dealer, it is using its own inventory, acting as a principal
- selling, charges a markup - buying, charges a markdown - involves risk, as no assurance to sell security quickly or at a profit
as a
Trade Ticket - information required
- name of security
- Quantity
- Whether the trade is solicited, unsolicited or discretionary
- Long or short (if the trade is a sell); and
- Time Stamps
Trade Ticket
Original Document that documents the buy or sell transaction, goes to the margin department, purchase and sales, and order or wire department
Ticket for a sell
Must be marked:
-long if closing a long position
-if b/d is not holding the securities in street name, RR must
receive affirmation from the customer that the customer can
deliver the securities by settlement date
-short if opening a short position
-if not in street name, rr must receive affirmation from the
customer concerning the source of borrowed securities
Street Name
a brokerage account, where the customer’s securities and assets are held under the name of the brokerage firm, rather than the name of the individual who purchased the the security or asset. The individual is listed as the real and beneficial owner.
Regulation SHO
If the b/d misses 13 consecutive settlement dates on a threshold security, the b/d is required to perform a mandatory buy in.
Threshold security
a security with a large short position where the b/d might be at risk of covering the short
Trade Ticket - Time Stamps
Three time stamps are required on the trade ticket
1. when the order is received 2. when the ticket hits the trading desk 3. when it is executed
provides an audit trail of best execution and to confirm b/d did not trade ahead of customer’s order
Trade Confirmations
Must be sent to customer no later than the completion of the trade
Trade Confirmation - Required information
- B/D name and address
- Whether the trade was a purchase or sale
- Complete Security Description
- Quantity
- Trade Date and Settlement Date
- Delivery and Payment Instructions
- Capacity of the B/D (agent or principal)
- Commission (if acted as agent); and
- Markup or Markdown (if firm acted as a principal in a NASDAQ or
riskless principal trade)
when the firm is acting in an agency capacity, the contra broker must be disclosed on the trade confirmation, or stated that the name can be available upon request
The Trading Spread (or the inside market)
difference between the bid and offer(ask)
the market for a security is always the highest bid and lowest ask
a narrow spread indicates active trading in a security
a wider spread indicates sluggish or thin spread
Bid
price at which investors can sell shares and purchasing dealer can buy shares - always lower than the offer
Offer (or ask)
price at which investors can buy shares and the lowest price a dealer is willing to accept
Five Percent Policy
FINRA says markups/markdowns in the secondary market must be fair and reasonable, generally to to exceed 5%. It is a guideline, as fairness can vary depending on the type of transaction.
Five percent policy - applies to:
-nonexempt (corporate) securities traded in the OTC secondary market;
-pink sheets
-yellow sheets (lists corporate bonds)
-the Bulletin Board
-NASDAQ
-all nonexempt securities which trade OTC, including ADR’s
-securities listed on the exchange such as NYSE.
-misc bond wire services
-proceeds trades
-agency cross trades
-riskless and simultaneous principal transactions
-other nonexempt stock and bond trades.
-third market - listed equities trading OTC
does not apply to exempt securities, nor to prospectus offerings
Securities Market
Primary Market = New Issue Market
Secondary Market = Trading of Outstanding (previously issued) Securities
- First Market - Second Market - Third Market - Fourth Market
First Market
Trading of securities listed on the exchange
Second Market
Trading of unlisted Securities OTC
Third Market
Listed Securities Trading OTC
Fourth Market
Electronic Trading of large blocks between institutional investors (Instinet)
Exchanges vs OTC
Exchanges represent an auction market with competitive buyers and competitive sellers
OTC market is a negotiated market where one buyer negotiates with one buyer
Exchange
a stock exchange is a physical location where “listed” securities trade.
NYSE, founded in 1792, most active of the world’s stock exchanges, trading more than 1 billion shares average daily volume.
NYSE Euronext (NYSE/New York and Euronet/Paris: NYX), NYS/ARCA and NYSE/AMEX have all combined to create the NYSE
Requirements to be listed on the exchangea
- Min Shares outstanding = 1.1 million
- Min Market Value of shares = $140 million
- Aggregate pre tax earnings over the last 3 years of $10 million
- Not less the $500 million in global capitalization and $100 million in revenues during the most recent 12 months
- Min share price at listing $4
- Majority of board of Directors must be independent or outside directors
NYSE Member
An individual who has a seat on the exchange. Each firm that is an NYSE member firm must have an individual employee who owns a seat on the exchange.
NYSE Member Categories
- Commission House Broker or Floor Broker
- Two Dollar Broker
- Registered Competitive Traders
- Specialist
Commission House Broker or Floor Broker
executes orders for clients of the broker’s firm. Members firms charge a commission to their clients
Two dollar broker
executes orders for floor brokers when they are too busy to execute all of their firm’s orders. They charge each broker a commission
Registered Competitive Traders
orders for their own accounts. seldom work for clients, but if they have clients, they must give them priority
Specialist
responsibility of maintaining a fair and orderly market. must buy when no buyers exist and sell when no sellers exists and hold these orders in his or her own account. May act as an agent for a floor broker. When a floor broker cannot execute a client’s order , the broker gives the order to the specialist, who records it in the specialist book. the order is held until it can be executed. if the order is executed, the specialist charges a commission. The specialist also is permitted to stop the stock for public orders. By stopping the stock, the trader guarantees an order fill at a specified price for a period of time.
Wire Orders - DOT Systems
- orders that are electronically sent directly to the exchange floor from a member firm’s office.
- DOT (designated order turnaround)