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Britain > Trade Unions > Flashcards

Trade Unions Flashcards

1
Q

Growth of trade unions

A

Factory system
Government Policies
Protection for workers
External factors

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2
Q

Before the 1833 Factory Act how long was a working week?

A

6 days long
14 hr working day being very common
(Factory system)

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3
Q

Employers were so focused on productivity they fined their workers for lateness of other actions?

A

10 min late could mean workers were fined 2 hours wages and being caught talking could mean they were fined 1/5 of their daily wage
(Factory system)

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4
Q

Population grew exponentially meaning individuals could be sacked very easily, what did the population grow by

A

Between 1750 and 1850 population rose from 6 million to more than 17 million?
(Factory system)

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5
Q

What were the general wages?

A

12-15 shillings a week. Very low, created discontent when inflation increased but wages did not
(Factory system)

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6
Q

When were the combination acts passed and what did the indirectly create?

A

1799-1800
Sparked working-class discontent that fueled the growth of unionism
(Government Policies)

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7
Q

The combination acts poorly executed and which other acts carried harsher sentences than the combination acts- 3 months prison sentence?

A

Unlawful oaths acts 1797

Government Policies

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8
Q

What was the main reason for the passing of the combination acts and when were the acts largely ignored from?

A

Reaction to the French threat
Once threat receded in 1815 the acts were largely ignored
(Government Policies)

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9
Q

What could be suggested for the repeal of the combination acts in 1824?

A

Suggest that they were not successful in curbing trade union activity and may actually have increased it
(Government Policies)

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10
Q

What happened in 1793 relating to London Printers and how many signatures?

A

London Printers petitioned their masters for an increase in wage due to higher costs of living
Gained 539 signatures in support of these demands
(Protection for workers)

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11
Q

How many members did the Grand National have?

A

1 million members

Protection for workers

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12
Q

As production scale grew, new and less localised societies appeared to represent the (skilled) section of the workforce.
Such as?

A

Friendly Society of Ironfounders (1809)

Was an early trade union

(Protection for Workers)

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13
Q

The weavers in Wigan were an example of a successful early union. What did the weavers in Wigan do 1799?
The association of Weavers had 14 branches across Lancashire, what were they motivated by?

A

-Organised themselves into an association to strengthen themselves against wage reductions which then spread across the region
-Motivated by the worsening conditions of the French War
(External Factors)

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14
Q

Another reason for the growth in union activity related to outside of Britain and the impact on the economy?

A

Also tended to coincide with wider economic problems, such as the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 which saw an economic slump, thousands of soldiers returning home to no work
(External Factors)

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15
Q

Impact of the French Revolution on the workforce?

A

Demonstrated to the world the potential of a united workforce: showed what could happen when such cooperation was a success, leading to a rise in unionism
(External Factors)

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16
Q

Failure of Trade Unions

A
  • Government Repression
  • Lack of Leadership/Poor organisation
  • Other factors
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17
Q

When were the combination acts repealed suggesting they weren’t that successful?

A

1824

Government Repression

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18
Q

When was the Master and Servant act passed, and how many prosecutions annually between the years 1857-75?

A

1823
10,000 prosecutions
(Government Repression)

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19
Q

The combination acts were poorly executed, few people prosecuted under the acts, which other acts carried harsher sentences?

A

1797 unlawful Oaths acts

Government Repression

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20
Q

Trade societies existed to protect ‘skilled’ workers from both master and unskilled labour, what was the problem with them?

A

They were usually small and localised

Lack of leadership and poor organisation

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21
Q

Due to the unions/societies being local and small this contributed to what?

A

Not to the unity of the working class but to its division

Lack of leadership and poor organisation

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22
Q

What did the French Revolution demonstrate?

A

To the working class of Britain the power of a united workforce and led to an increase in union activity

(Other factors e.g. French Revolution)

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23
Q

The increase in union activity was matched by what?

A

Government repression as acts like the Combination acts were introduced

(Government repression)

24
Q

The actions of knobsticks meant that employers could easily replace striking workers, what was therefore the impact of trade societies?

A

…so the impact of trade societies were limited

Immigrants such as the Irish were desperate for work and therefore didn’t strike, contributing to the lack of an organised workforce and union

(Other factors e.g. French Revolution)

25
Q

How accurate is it to say Trade Unions had no significant impact?

A

Accurate

Inaccurate

26
Q

Accurate

A

Grand National
Early unions
Knobsticks

27
Q

One of the main failures of the Grand National was the use of the?

A

Document- used by employers which had to be signed by workers to state they were not part of a union, and could not join one
Gave employers the power to sift out trade union members and secure obedience (threat of unemployment)
(Accurate)

28
Q

The Grand National had meagre funds available in spite of it subscription fees, how couldn’t it support the workers to go on strike?

A

1 million members, only 16,000 paid fees
Did not have enough to support a national organisation and certainly not enough to cover striking costs
(Accurate)

29
Q

Which early unions failed in 1818?

A

Philanthropic Hercules in London and the Philanthropic Society in Lancashire both failed
(Accurate)

30
Q

How many people signed a petition to protest against the Tolpuddle Martyrs punishment, when they returned from transportation?

A

800,000

Accurate

31
Q

In what year and what number of workers were locked out of their work place because of failing to leave their union, ended up returning to work after 4 months as they weren’t sufficiently supported by the Grand national?

A

1834
1,500 mill workers
(Accurate)

32
Q

Between 1750 and 1850 the British population rose from what to what?

A

6 million to 17 million, workers could easily be replaced

Accurate

33
Q

Who were the workers that worked when other were striking?

A

Knobsticks

Accurate

34
Q

When and what was the Master and Servant act?

A

Passed in 1823
The act made it an offence to break a contract of work which was punishable by imprisonment
(Accurate)

35
Q

Inaccurate

A

Grand National
NMUs
TUC

36
Q

How many members did the Grand National have by 1834?

A

Over 1 million

Inaccurate

37
Q

When was the ASE founded which signifies the beginning of new model unionism?

A

1851

Inaccurate

38
Q

How many members were part of the ASE?

A

Membership of 12,000 and there were branches across the country from Lancashire to Scotland
Large scale geographical impact
(Inaccurate)

39
Q

The ASE supported builders in London between 1859 and 1860 on strike by donating how much, which allowed them to hold out for how long?

A

£3,000
6 months
(Inaccurate)

40
Q

Robert Applegarth (leader of ASCJ) increased their membership from what to what?

A

1,000 to 10,000 in a space of 8 years

Inaccurate

41
Q

When was the TUC founded which was attended by 34 delegates, representing more than how many members of unions around the country?

A

June 1868
118,000 members of unions
(Inaccurate)

42
Q

When was the ASCJ founded in?

A

June 1860

Inaccurate

43
Q

What are all the different types of Unions in order?

A

1) Early Unions
2) NMUs
3) Trade Councils
4) TUC

44
Q

Name an early union that was seen to be relatively successful?

(Early Unions)

A

London Printers 1793. Petitioned their masters for an increase in wages, petition received 539 signatures and was able to negotiate higher wages

45
Q

Although the early union of John Doherty didn’t last for more than two years, what did it represent?

(Early Unions)

A

A growing determination to organise trade unions along broader lined, a move which bears strong parallels with the TUC

46
Q

What did the failure of the Grand National allow?

Early Unions

A

Not only meant that the demand for a large-scale union remained, but also allowed the NMUs and then later on TUC, to learn from the mistakes of the past

47
Q

What could be said about the legacy of the Early Unions impacting on the creating of the TUC?

(Early Unions)

A

The Early Unions provided a legacy upon which the TUC sought to build upon as the early unions demonstrated an ultimate expression of the working class

48
Q

Name some examples of New Model Unions?

A

ASE and ASCJ

49
Q

When were the ASE and ASCJ founded?

NMUs

A

ASE- 1851

ASCJ- 1860

50
Q

The ASE had a membership of 12,000, what did this mean for the impact of this union?

(NMUs)

A

Nationwide approach showed that unionism could work on a large scale, helping to create the idea that large scale unionism was the successful way forward

51
Q

What do NMUs bore closer resemblance to?

NMUs

A

TUCs that did any previous trade union movement

52
Q

The NMU ASE adopted a rigid administrative system to ensure maintained organisation, what did this therefore mean?

(NMUs)

A

This meant that there was a clear structure and leadership, ensuring proper presentation, and a formula which could be transferred to the TUC

53
Q

Who did Trade Councils support due to frustration of the dominance of NMUs?

(Trade Councils)

A

TC supported the small unions who were frustrated by the dominance of the NMUs: a desire to create a more universal body that actually reflected the views of all trade unions and not simply the biggest

54
Q

What were Trade Councils?

Trade Councils

A

Were the grouping of local trade unions from a given geographical area that met together to promote the intersts of their industry within that area

55
Q

Name a Trade Council established in 1860 and a bit about them?

What was seen to be a failure of trade councils?

(Trade Councils)

A

London Trade Council
Formed with their headquarters at the Bell Inn, seeking to represent the working people of London due to the previous absence of such a body

Seen to be a set back as it was localised rather than national

56
Q

What did the formation of the TUC establish?

TUC

A

Established a genuinely universal mechanism for the organisation of British Labour

57
Q

What could TUC effectively do following 1868?

A

Unions could defend their members and promote working class interests with one voice

Britain (5 decks)

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