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Britain > Protest And Reform > Flashcards

Protest And Reform Flashcards

1
Q

Growth of reform before 1832

A
  • New Middle Class
  • Parliaments Unwillingness to Change
  • Riots and Unrest
  • Ideology (Thomas Paine)
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2
Q

Between 1816 and 1831 how much did the middle class increase by?

A

Rising from 160,000 to more than 214,000

Middle class

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3
Q

What did the frustrated middle class do relating to banks?

A

Began to withdraw savings and investments from banks in an attempt to destroy government finances - in 10 days £1.8 mil was removed

(Middle class)

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4
Q

Because income tax was abolished in 1816, indirect tax had to be increased. How much did revenue increase by from 1790s after 1816?

A

£16-17 million to £50-60 million
Affected the majority of people

(Middle class)

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5
Q

Why did the middle class lobby against the corn laws?

A

Corn laws 1815 seen as ‘looking after their own’ - landowners benefitted whilst employers had to increase wages to ensure their workers could afford bread.

(Middle class)

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6
Q

What was the percentage of represented population, pre-reform?

A

The system was consisted of boroughs and counties less than 5% of the population were represented.

(Parliament unwillingness to change)

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7
Q

The system was riddled with corruption such as…

A
  • Lombing (intimidating voters by using armed thugs)
  • Cooping (kidnapping rival supporters)

(Parliament Unwillingness to change)

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8
Q

Impact of Edmund Burke on Parliament?

A

Burke defended the Status Quo and argued that moderate reform could lead to a violent revolution from the people.
Dominant Tory Party thinking.

(Parliament Unwillingness to change)

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9
Q

What year and when we’re the two acts passed in and what was the impact?

A
  • 1795
  • Seditious Practices Act and Treasonable Act broadened the law on treason, banned meetings over 50 people who were to discuss reform or petition Parliament.

(Parliament Unwillingness to change)

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10
Q

When was the March of the Blanketeers and what happened?

A
  • March 1817
  • 4,500 Blanketeers set out but local magistrates dispersed them.
  • Only 300 Blanketeers set out and reached Stockport, were stopped by local yeomanry.
  • 1 was shot dead, several wounded

(Riots and Unrest)

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11
Q

When was the Cato street conspiracy and what was the plan?

A
  • February 1820
  • Planned to assassinate Lord Liverpool’s cabinet
  • Aim was to trigger uprisings across the country.

(Riots and Unrest)

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12
Q

When was the Peterloo massacre and what happened?

A
  • 1819, Henry Hunt spoke out
  • 60,000 gathered
  • 11 killed, 400-600 people injured by 15th Hussars because the yeomanry were swamped by the crowds

(Riots and Unrest)

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13
Q

When were the spa riots and how many people attended?

A
  • From 1816 mass meetings became increasingly popular in an attempt to petition the king.
  • The first of 3 meetings saw 20,000 people attend and was mostly peaceful.

(Riots and Unrest)

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14
Q

Who did Thomas Paine respond to?

A
  • Edmund Burke (Reflections on the Revolutions in France)
  • Paine condemned the inequalities of the existing political system.

(Ideology - Thomas Paine)

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15
Q

The ‘Rights of Man was seen as very influential, what happened to Paine?

A

-In 1792, Paine was charged with treason and fled to France, a mark of the governments fear of his ideas.

(Ideology - Thomas Paine)

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16
Q

What did the ‘Rights of Man’ emphasise?

A
  • The natural rights belonging to humans and called for radical reform particularly rule by the people - which he saw as the only justifiable method of government - drawing attention to the corruption within the British system.

(Ideology - Thomas Paine)

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17
Q

What was the name of the book Thomas Paine wrote and how many copies sold out in what year?

A
  • By 1793, ‘The Rights of Man’ had sold more than 200,000 copies and became a best seller.

(Ideology - Thomas Paine)

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18
Q

Consequences of Reform

A
  • Growing agitation (Chartists, Reform League etc)
  • Electorate
  • Decline of the Tories
  • Effects on representation
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19
Q

In what years did the Chartists send their petitions?

A

-1839, 1842, 1848

Growing agitation

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20
Q

What violent event continued to press the government for further reform?

A

-1839 Newport Rising- 20 Chartists killed

Growing agitation

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21
Q

What were the riots in 1842 a result of?

A
  • Plug Riots
  • Result of the 2nd petition, 500,000 workers on strike.

(Growing agitation)

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22
Q

When was the Reform League established and who was in support?

A
  • 1865
  • Many ex-Chartists and trade unionists

(Growing agitation)

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23
Q

By how much did the electorate rise by in the years 1832-52?

A

-Size of the electorate rose from 366,000 to 650,000 approx (18% male)

(Electorate)

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24
Q

What example could be used to suggest the Great Reform Act 1832 didn’t really go far enough to include the lower classes?

Middle class impact of the GRA?

A
  • The fact that movements such as Chartists were born out of the ashes after 1832.
  • Although middle classes undoubtedly gained far more representation, the working class was still decidedly unrepresented and as such were constantly exploited

(Electorate)

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25
Q

Property qualification for voting in counties was reduced to men owning land worth how much?

A

£10/year or rented land worth £50/year, expensive, therefore only for middle-class.
-Whigs made no attempt to admit this was to exclude the lower classes.

(Electorate)

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26
Q

Of the 20 years between 1832 and 1852, the Tories were in power for how many years, which displayed the decline?

A

7 years

Decline of the Tories

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27
Q

Where was there increased enfranchisement which increased the whigs power in elections?

A

Scotland, Ireland and Wales, areas tend to be won by the Whigs.

(Decline of the Tories)

28
Q

What was one of the main motives for passing the 1832 Reform Act (whigs)?

A
  • Was to gain support from the middle class: to a certain extent, evident this was successful.

(Decline of the Tories)

29
Q

The Tories were divided, Peel spent time reforming the party, suggested the party was flawed, led to what?

A

Tamworth manifesto 1834, Tories became know as the Conservatives.

(Decline of the Tories)

30
Q

How many boroughs were created with the vote given to adult men who owned or rented property with £10/year?

A

42

Fairer representation of Industrial cities

31
Q

How many qualified to vote in Leeds out of the population of how many, due to the fact that it only gave franchise to men who owned land?

A

5,000 qualified out of 125,000

Fairer representation of Industrial cities

32
Q

Towns in industrial areas such as…

A

Leeds, Birmingham and Manchester gained MPs for the first time

(Fairer representation of industrial cities)

33
Q

How many boroughs were disenfranchised with a further 30 losing one of their MP?

A

56

Fairer representation of Industrial cities

34
Q

Growth of Reform AFTER 1832

A
  • Legacy of the 1832 Reform Act
  • Role of pressure groups
  • Actions of political parties
  • Riots
35
Q

The impact of the Chartists now?

A
  • By 1850s, the ideas presented by Chartists no longer seemed too radical.
  • Despite it’s failure, kept radical ideas alive.

(Legacy of the 1832 Reform Act)

36
Q

How did the Reform Act of 1832 impact later?

A

-Although it was very tentative, the 1832 reform act was the beginning of reform, despite that not being the intention.

(Legacy of the 1832 Reform Act)

37
Q

What had the Whigs made no attempt to deny?

A
  • That the £10 limit on the 1832 reform act was designed to exclude the lower classes from politics.
  • Motivation, more reform was needed.

(Legacy of the 1832 Reform Act)

38
Q

Another reason for why growth in reform after 1832 was needed?

A

-The aristocracy and landed classes continued to have strong and undue risk roles in affairs.

(Legacy of the 1832 Reform Act)

39
Q

What group posed a threat to the government due to their social status?

A
  • The progressive middle-class we’re pushing for new reform.
  • Were the money makers and boosters of the economy.

(Role of pressure groups)

40
Q

In 1865 which group had widespread support and attracted many ex-Chartists and trade unionists?

A

Reform League

Role of pressure groups

41
Q

What group and liberal-minded member was he apart of which gave the group a greater degree of influence over the government?

A
  • Samuel Morley, a wool manufacturer from Nottingham and later an MP.
  • National Reform Union-1864
  • Common interests between the middle class and working class

(Role of pressure groups)

42
Q

Which MP who was a liberal-minded founder of the Anti-corn law league, made a series of speeches promoting the issue of reform in 1858?

A
  • Richard Cobden
  • Although failed kept the public aware of the situation

(Role of pressure groups)

43
Q

When did Palmerstone die and what was this impact?

A
  • 1865
  • Impact meant reform could now be discussed

(Actions of political parties)

44
Q

When did Gladstone introduce a reform bill and what was the outcome?

A
  • March 1866
  • Succeeded in dividing the Liberal party and wasn’t seen as too radical

(Actions of political parties)

45
Q

In 1866 what position were the conservatives in?

A
  • Minority government and now wanted to market themselves as not only resistors of change but also the developers of constitutional progress
  • Many we’re tired of opposition and division

(Actions of political parties)

46
Q

When did Disraeli introduce his own bill and which famous individual was in favour of reform?

A
  • March 1867
  • The Queen- Speech made which offered the reform of Parliament ‘without unduly disturbing the balance of power shall freely extend the elective franchise’

(Actions of political parties)

47
Q

Name one of the Reform league leaders and the outcome of the Trafalgar Square rally?

A
  • John Bedford Leno
  • Ended peacefully and made their names, rapidly increasing their support.

(Riots)

48
Q

What happened at Hyde park and when?

A
  • 1866
  • Reform League held a meeting following the failure of the First Liberal Bill
  • Meeting declared illegal, despite this 200,000 people clashed with police, causing a call for military support

(Riots)

49
Q

Name 3 other riots and their years?

A
  • The Birmingham Reform demonstrations (August 1866)
  • Chiswick meeting (December 1866)
  • Agricultural meeting (February 1867)

(Riots)

50
Q

When was the Newport rising and killed how many Chartists?

A
  • 1839
  • 20

(Riots)

51
Q

Chartism considered as a total failure?

A
  • Divisions within the Chartists
  • Peel’s actions
  • Use of Violence
  • Use of petitions
52
Q

During the 1840s what were the two opposing views within the Chartists

A

Moral and physical force
One emphasising the use of force while the other is the opposite

(Divisions within the Chartists)

53
Q

What did physical force Chartists support?

A

Armed struggles such as the Newport Risings (1839) and the Plug riots (1842)

(Divisions within the Chartists)

54
Q

Aims were divided with some Chartists using petitions, violence and some setting up what plan that helped the working class reach the requirement to vote?

A

Land plan setting up of Chartists settlements such as Staunton and Corse since 1848
(Divisions within the Chartists)

55
Q

What had the government set which wasn’t acknowledged by the Chartists seen to be a failure?

A

Set precedent of not giving into violence 1810s, Peterloo massacre, Luddites and so they wouldnt in the 30s and 40s

Chartists had learnt from previous mistakes

(Divisions within the Chartists)

56
Q

Chartism aimed to get the vote in order to achieve reform, what was the impact of Peel’s reforms?

A

Peel’s actions were so extensive that the Chartists became obsolete as they essentially gave the people what the Chartists were demanding

(Peel’s actions)

57
Q

Name some of Peel’s actions?

A
  • Mines act 1842
  • Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 improving working conditions

(Peel’s actions)

58
Q

What was the typical pattern with the support for the Chartists?

A

When the economy improved.
The popularity of Chartism grew with economic crisis. During the mid- Victorian boom its popularity declined. No cohesive support.

(Peel’s actions)

59
Q

How many workers went on strike during the plug riots and what was the outcome?

A

500,000 workers, removing plugs from factory boilers rendering them useless, and Peel arrested about 1,500 of those involved

(Use of Violence)

60
Q

What was the result of the Newport rising?

A

20 Chartists killed

Use of Violence

61
Q

What led to the failings of the leadership within the Chartists?

A

Leaders John Frost and Zephaniah Williams were arrested, and the government could employ their effective tactic of divide and rule

(Use of Violence)

62
Q

Following what famous event led to the government clamping down on violence?

A

French Revolution 1830

Use of Violence

63
Q

How many signatures did the first petition receive and what was the impact?

A

1.2 million signatures
Rejection meant that divisions were exacerbated as proponents of physical force Chartism saw this as their opportunity

(Use of petitions)

64
Q

When was the second petition and how many out of the 1,500 that were arrested, were found guilty?

A

1842, 79 found guilty and sentenced to between 7 and 21 years’ transportation

(Use of petitions)

65
Q

How many signed the third petition, but was was ‘off’ about this?

A

5 million signatures. Found out that fewer than half were actually genuine

(Use of petitions)

Britain (5 decks)

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