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Britain > Industrialisation > Flashcards

Industrialisation Flashcards

1
Q

Growth in industrialisation

A

Laissez-faire
Middle class
Geographical diversity
Banking

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2
Q

What local utilities were in the hands of private companies?

A

Water supply: prior to the municipal corporations act of 1835 water and other local utilities were owned by private companies and overseen by the government

(Laissez-faire)

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3
Q

What law was designed to regulate between employers and employees and in which year?

A

Master and servant act 1823
Gave an incentive to work

(Laissez-faire)

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4
Q

What was introduced in 1799-1800?

A

Combination acts, that made it illegal to form unions

Laissez-faire

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5
Q

What did the government do to some laws, e.g. 1813?

A

1813 repealed ‘statue of artificers’ controlled working conditions left private companies to do this

(Laissez-faire)

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6
Q

What did the removal of these laws promote?

A

The idea that the government very much adopted a laissez-faire approach, preferring to allow market forces and private entrepreneurialism to dictate the pace of change rather than govt

(Laissez-faire)

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7
Q

What % had the middle class increased by in the years 1816-1831?

A

75%

Middle class

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8
Q

What did Richard Arkwright do in 1771?

A

Set up a cotton mill in Cromford, employing more than 300 people

(Middle-class)

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9
Q

What industry was Benjamin Gott part of, employed over 1,500 men 1820s and how much money had he saved in the bank?

A

Part of the wool industry and had over £100,000 in the bank

Middle class

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10
Q

Influence of Adam Smith

A

Book ‘wealth of nations’
Suggested laissez-faire and ‘free-trade’ was a more effective means to promote economic growth
Under this model, markets would be allowed to develop naturally without influence of the govt.
Influence sparked growth

(Middle class)

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11
Q

Number of passengers on canals increased by in 1836?

A

44,000 to 200,000

Geographical diversity

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12
Q

By 1820 how many miles of canals and waterways used for trade?

A

4,000miles

Geographical diversity

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13
Q

By what amount could canals carry more of than railway by 1848?

A

Twice the amount of tonnage

Geographical diversity

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14
Q

How many miles of turnpike roads were there by 1836?

A

22,000 miles

Geographical diversity

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15
Q

In 1808 what was the number of banks?

A

800, signifying both the rapid growth of this business sector

(Banking)

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16
Q

What was removed in 1826?

A

The cap (keeping banking on a localised scale) was removed and Britain’s banks could reach their potential

(Banking)

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17
Q

Impact on landowners

A

Landowners chose to invest in the new developments- money invested long term commitments and developing infrastructure

(Banking)

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18
Q

By 1866 how many joint stock banks were there and how many branches?

A

154 joint stock banks
850 branches

(Banking)

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19
Q

Working/ living conditions

A

Working conditions
Living conditions
Women and Children

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20
Q

Which factory act saw an increase in inspectors?

A

Factory act 1844
Saw more inspectors appointed to enforce the law and safety rules were introduced

(Working conditions)

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21
Q

The public were horrified by the vividly illustrated accounts of conditions, what did the government introduce in 1842?

A

1842 mine act was introduced, banned the underground employment of children under 10 and women too

(Working conditions)

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22
Q

What fraction of the mining workforce were children in 1842?

A

1/3

Working conditions

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23
Q

When and what did the swing riots/10hr movement show?

A

1830s, showed that laissez-faire policies were economically beneficial but the working people are severely damaged

(Working conditions)

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24
Q

Who published ‘the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain’ and how many were sold?

A

1842
Edwin Chadwick and sold 100,000 copies

(Living conditions)

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25
Q

How much did the population rise in 100 years and what was the rate in urban areas between the years 1801-51?

A

Population rose 120%
Population increasing by 27% in urban areas
Less space etc

(Living conditions)

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26
Q

When did Cholera epidemic break out and where, how many died?

A

1831
Sunderland
32,000

(Living conditions)

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27
Q

Which act began to improve things by reforming local government?

A

1835 municipal corporations act
Short term effect was limited

(Living conditions)

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28
Q

What did Chadwick’s 1842 report about children?

A

Found 57% of children born to working class parents died before their 5th birthday

(Children and Women)

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29
Q

By how many hours did the 1844 Factory act reduce for children?

A

Reduce working hours for children between 9 and 13 to 6.5 hours and day

(Children and Women)

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30
Q

In the 1833 factory act what did the children between the ages 9-11 have to receive?

A

2 hours of schooling a day

Children and Women

31
Q

What did the factory act 1847 do for women and children?

A

10hr working day for all women and children

Children and Women

32
Q

Factory reform

A

Politics/parliamentary concern
Agitation/mass movements
Individuals
10hr movement

33
Q

How can the government be said to be unwilling for change?

A

Changes had been offered in 1802, 1819 and 1831, difficult to be enforced. By 1833 the political climate was different, reflected a more additional, paternalistic government

(Politics and parliamentary concern)

34
Q

One reason for why further factory reform came from?

A

The return of the Tory government after 1841 user Sir Robert Peel. Looking again at working conditions, general wish to reduce social distress within society

(Politics and parliamentary concern)

35
Q

What was Thomas Babington Macauley opinion in factory reform?

A

Was a Whig believed it was linked to economic growth, if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised

(Politics and parliamentary concern)

36
Q

What did the Whig government do which led to the 10hr day?

A

Took up the cause of factory reform 1833, didn’t grant 10hr day but did restrict hours of child labour
10hr movement impact

(Politics and parliamentary concern)

37
Q

Which type of riots started in 1830 and what caused this?

A

Swing riots broke out in the South, mainly agricultural workers because of poor harvests and limited money
Hunger politics
Cause also due to the introduction of threshing machines

(Agitation/mass movements)

38
Q

The level of distraction that Luddism promoted was so extensive, what happened in 1812?

A

Frame breaking act passed, punishments included death

Agitation/mass movements

39
Q

In which year and how many frames were damaged, costing how much?

A

1812 about 1,000 frames destroyed in Nottingham costing between £6,000 to £10,000

(Agitation/mass movements)

40
Q

Who was Nassau Senior and what were his views?

A

Whig economist who mentioned that profit was only made in the last hour of the working day and favoured markets to not be artificially controlled by government
Opposed factory reform

(Individuals)

41
Q

What impact did John Fielden have on factory reform?

A

Instrumental in bringing about the 1847 factory act, introduced 10hr day applied to women and children

(Individuals)

42
Q

Which Tory MP lost his seat in the commons after organising a select committee to investigate the conditions in factories?

A

Micheal Sadler

Individuals

43
Q

When did Oastler write a letter and who to, what was the impact?

A

1830, wrote the letter to Leeds Mercury, outlining experiences he had heard, stirring up the political issue. Especially when comparing factory system to slavery

(Individuals)

44
Q

When did the 10hr movement begin and what did they do?

A

Began in 1830, organised into short-term committees with the intention of collaborating with trade unions to effect the changes, did this through mass meetings and petitions

(10hr movement)

45
Q

Who was Richard Oastler and what impact did he have?

A

Led the movement, driven by humanitarian idea, importance of treating children well in Oder for them to grow up

(10hr movement)

46
Q

What was Lord Ashley involvement in factory reform?

A

Known for his humanitarian ideas
Lord Ashley’s act, Ten Hour Act 1847

(10hr movement)

47
Q

In 1844 what did Robert Peel do?

A

Supported the Factory Act, reducing hours for women to those of children aged 13 to 18 introduced moderate safety precautions

(10hr movement)

48
Q

Growth of Banking Plan

A
  • Commercially Minded Nation
  • Growth of the Middle Class
  • Decline of Old Industries
  • Economic Depression
49
Q

By 1784 how many banks were in the country and why was this?

A
  • 119 banks
  • Which were due to counties setting up their own system of banking - usually under the control of businessmen

(Commercially Minded Nation)

50
Q

When was the cap on the formation of joint stock banks removed and what was the impact?

A
  • 1826
  • Britain’s banks were free to realise their potential

(Commercially Minded Nation)

51
Q

What happened in 1833 relating to issuing cheques?

A

An act of Parliament permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques, increasing the speed of commercial transactions

(Commercially Minded Nation)

52
Q

What had there been a slow shift towards?

A

A more commercially minded nation

Commercially Minded Nation

53
Q

By how much had the middle-class increased by?

A

Between 1816-1831 it had grown by 75%, from 160,000 to more than 214,000

(Growth of the Middle Class)

54
Q

What did banks provide?

A

A source of capital which allowed middle-class individuals with vision to establish themselves in business, a key feature of industrialisation

(Growth of the Middle Class)

55
Q

What happened in 1769 Richard Arkwright?

A

Water frame invention was introduced

Growth of the Middle Class

56
Q

What did the success of individuals like Richard Arkwright prove?

A

Proved to the government that accessible banking was not a dangerous enterprise, but rather a way through which they could accelerate industrialisation

(Growth of the Middle Class)

57
Q

As urban areas boomed and rural business declined, what did this mean for many gentlemen farmers?

A

Chose to invest in new technologies rather than watch their traditional incomes dwindle

(Decline of Old Industries)

58
Q

What link had the Banking industry made?

A

A link between the landed gentry to industrialising centres

Decline of Old Industries

59
Q

What was built in 1839?

A

The Marquess of Bute built the docks at Cardiff Bay. Developing infrastructures, thus served again to demonstrate the success of banking to the government

(Decline of Old Industries)

60
Q

By 1825, what had the depression caused?

A

Many banks to fail, leading to a financial panic

Economic Depression

61
Q

1826 saw the government lift the cap on joint stock banks, what was the impact?

A

Led to banks growing in size and became more stable. Investors became more confident with protection that joint stock banks gave them

(Economic Depression)

62
Q

When was the first joint stock bank opened?

A

October 1826 Lancashire Banking Company

Economic Depression

63
Q

Industrial revolution affected the lives

A
  • Negatives

- Positives

64
Q

How much did population increase by in 100 years? How much did population grow by in urban areas every decade?

(Negative)

A
  • 120% in 100 years

- 27% every decade (1801-51)

65
Q

What fraction died in Britain in their first year of life?

Negative

A

3/20

66
Q

From the late 1700s what had employers begin to build?

Negative

A

Rows of cheap back to back houses. Average 4m wide

67
Q

What had increased which contributed to short-term problems respiratory as well as long-term problems climate change?

(Negative)

A

Pollution

68
Q

What range of factors contributed to reduced life expectancy?

(Negative)

A

Poor conditions, long hours, low pay in mines and factories, reducing life expectancy and quality of life for the masses

69
Q

What contributed to the decrease in prices of products?

Positive

A

Mass production

70
Q

Transport became cheaper and more widespread. How many miles of turnpike was built by 1836?

(Positive)

A

1836 - 22,000 miles of turnpike road had been built

71
Q

The increase in turnpike road had led to the journey from London to Shrewsbury to decrease from 4 days in 1772 to how long by 1835?

(Positive)

A

12 hours 40 min

72
Q

2/5 of workers were employed in manufacturing and ancillary occupation in 1801. What was this fraction by 1871?

(Positive)

A

2/3

73
Q

By 1850 how many tonnes of coal were Britain producing a year?

(Positive)

A

7 million

Britain (5 decks)

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