Trade Union Turning Points

Question 1

What are the paragraphs for TU turning points?

Answer 1

• Membership and organisation
• Bargaining Power and impact
• Worker Welfare

Question 2

What are the points for membership and organisation? (5)

Answer 2

• KOL numbers
• Formation of AFL, Wobblies
• Pullman (Omnibus)
• FDR Presidency
• PATCO 1981

Question 3

Membership impacts of KOL

Answer 3

20k–>700k members by 1886. However undermined by violence and Haymarket Affair

Question 4

Membership impacts of AFL, Wobblies

Answer 4

Rise in numbers and activity. However wobblies undermined by violence

Question 5

Membership impacts of Pullman Strike

Answer 5

1996, progress ruined by Omnibus Indictment Act which prevented collective strikes and caused fear to be active. 4 killed.`

Question 6

Membership impacts of FDR

Answer 6

Wagner Act 1935, const. 37, encourages unionisation and sees rise encouraged by NRA ruling. Further reinforced by AFL-CIO 1955 which stops divisions

Question 7

Membership impacts of PATCO 1981

Answer 7

Reagan injunction declares illegal, govt. workers can’t strike

Question 8

Synthesis for Membership paragraph

Answer 8

• Wobblies and KOL both undermined by violence

- PATCO and Pullman both see negative outcome due to intervention

Question 9

Points for Bargaining Power and impact paragraph (3)

Answer 9

• Wagner 1935
• Taft Hartley 1947
• PATCO 1981

Question 10

Bargaining impact of Wagner 1935

Answer 10

Allows reps to bargain. NLRB also bargains, General Motors recognises in 1936, BSCP collective bargaining 37. However not recognised by Ford

Question 11

Bargaining impact of T-H 47

Answer 11

No solidarity strikes or closed shops. However AFL-CIO retains impact

Question 12

Bargaining impact of PATCO

Answer 12

Reduced bargaining power by breaking up government workers, who were scared and had less impact

Question 13

Synthesis for Bargaining paragraph

Answer 13

• PATCO and T-H government intervention limits scale

- T-H and PATCO both government acts against solidarity strikes which limited power

Question 14

Points for worker Welfare (4)

Answer 14

• Gilded Age
• Sherman and Clayton
• FDR Presidency
• Equal Pay Act

Question 15

Welfare impact of Gilded Age

Answer 15

1890s slump (mechanisation) means workers laid off, no security, 2000 die in 89

Question 16

Welfare impact of Sherman and Clayton

Answer 16

Sherman 1890 limits monopoly exploitation, reinforced by Clayton 1914, so 1890s not massive turning point. However Carnegie 90% 1950s.

Question 17

Welfare impact of FDR

Answer 17

NIRA, NRA limit working hours and sets min wage, but unconst. 35. Ford rejected, Yellow Dog. Despite this, FLSA 38 est. min wage, undermines Adkins v Children’s Hosp BUT still no equal pay

Question 18

Welfare impact of Equal Pay Act 1963

Answer 18

Equal pay. But not important as only helps one group and relied on changing attitudes from WWII.

Question 19

Synthesis for Welfare paragraph

Answer 19

• Anti-Trust and Wagner both had progress limited by employers
• Sherman and FLSA both require reinforcement to have impact
• Equal Pay Act and BSCP limited as they only help one group

Question 20

Trade Unions turning point conclusion

Answer 20

FDR most important as had influence on all 4 spheres despite setbacks, largely from Wagner and NLRB. Only factor showing wide-reaching success by changing attitudes.