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Empire > Trade > Flashcards

Trade Flashcards

1
Q

When was the slave trade abolished in Britain

A

1807

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2
Q

When was slave trading banned in the colonies

A

1834

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3
Q

Describe the transatlantic slave trade

A

British ships sailed to wes Africa and bought slaves spending as little time there as possible to limit the risk is disease in exchange for guns, beads, mirrors, knifes

Sail through the middle passage trying to avoid Poldrums to West Indies and sell slaves, load up with cotton sugar and tobacco then to bakc to England

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4
Q

Why was the slave trade abolished because of rivalry with France ?

A

Whatever position France took on slavery , Britain took the opposite position

France originally freed slaves in Haiti but Napoleon wanted to bring them back in 1799
So position changed

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5
Q

How much profit did the slave trade make up ?

Why was this useful ?

A

80% of Britain’s foreign income

4 million to 1 million by the end of 18TH century

Profits from this helped finance the industrial revolution as it created demand for guns

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6
Q

Where were the two major slaving ports in U.K.

A

Bristol and Liverpool

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7
Q

Who benefited from the slave trade ?

A

Slave traders
Plantation owners
Factory workers and ordinary people
Slaving ports

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8
Q

Evidence of slave trade creating jobs for ordinary people in U.K.

A

Birmingham had over 4000 gun makers with 100,000 guns a year going to slave traders

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9
Q

How did slave revolts contribute to the abolishment of slave trade ?

A

Haiti slave rebellions made owning a plantation dangerous and expensive .

Fear of revolts led to plantations being less economically viable

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10
Q

How did William Wilberforce help abolish the slave trade

A

Constant campaigning and sending bills to parliament

Pitt was his friend

Help by John Newton who used to captain a slave ship

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11
Q

How did financial cost contribute to the abolishment of the slave trade ?

A

1 in ten ships lost profits

Prices of slaves was going down as slaves were born on plantations

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12
Q

How did religious groups contribute to the abolishing of the slave trade ?

A

Quakers petitioned parliament in 1787

Pressure groups - pamphlets , posters
Effective grass roots campaign

Evangelists in Clapham

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13
Q

What was did the abolition of the slave trade act entail ?

A

Financial punishments

Ship taken off you and fined £100 for each slave

Over the years, you would be hanged

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14
Q

How did Britain adapt to new markets after the abolition of the slave trade ?

A

Slaving ports like Liverpool started producing soap

Trade increased in other areas like the US

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15
Q

Who didn’t benefit from the abolition of the slave trade ?

A

Plantation owners

Had to free slaves

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16
Q

Was the abolition of the slave trade largely effective ?

A

There were some incidences of illegal slave trading where slaves would be thrown off boats and boats would be set on fire to avoid being captured

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17
Q

What was mercantilism ?

A

A system to ensure that the colonies that the colonies would work to fund the wealthy empire

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18
Q

What did mercantilism lead to between countries ?

A

Wars over colonies

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19
Q

What did mercantilism provide for Britain ?

A

Raw materials for England
Market for British manufactured goods
Men and materials for British army

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20
Q

Why was mercantilism not good for colonies ?

A

They had a trade deficit which they had to make up for in silver and gold

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21
Q

Why did Adam smith not like Mercantilism ?

A

Ordinary people would benefit more from free trade as they could import cheaper food

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22
Q

How was free trade gradually introduced ?

A

1 Ireland 1779 granted to avoid conflict

2 anti corn league was founded by proponents of free trade 1838, corn laws ended in 1846 as agriculture could no longer satisfy national demand

3 Peel became prime minister in 1841 and abolished 1200 tariffs

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23
Q

When were navigation acts repealed

A

1849

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24
Q

Who supported Peel’s repeal of the navigation acts

A

Whigs

Adam smith

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25
Q

What did repealing the navigation acts entail ?

A

Colonial goods no longer needed to be carried on British ships
Certain goods did not have to go via English ports if they were being shipped somewhere else
European imports to British colonies no longer needed to go VIA Britain

26
Q

How strictly were trade regulations enforced with the navigation acts in place ?

A

Originally - salutary neglect
Smuggling was rife

However after Britain wanted to create a large army in North America they were enforced more strictly to make the American colonies pay for their own protection

27
Q

What was the effect on trade of repealing the navigation acts ?

A

Made trade more effective
Increased trade
Opened new markets outside colonies
1867 - £131 ‘million out of £181 million pounds worth of exports were to places outside empire

28
Q

Who didn’t benefit from free trade ?

A

West Indian plantation owners

Sugar was bought from slave plantations in Brazil for cheaper than the the plantations in the West Indies where we banned slaves

29
Q

Why was the repeal of the navigation acts significant in terms of defence ?

A

Free trade was effectively chosen over national defence as the aim of the navigation acts was to get more British ships so the navy could draw on them during war

30
Q

What was the significance of free trade on ordinary people ?

A

Food was cheaper !

As it meant imports were cheaper with no tariffs

31
Q

The repeal of the navigation acts signified the move from ____ to ______ ??

A

Protectionism to free trade with no tariffs :)

32
Q

Did the abolition of the slave trade or repeal of navigation acts have bigger impact on patterns of trade ?

A

Repeal of navigation acts as it increased trade markets on a much larger scale and trade massively increased

However

Slave trade impact
Sugar trade
End of triangle trade
Disruption to slaving ports

Not great impact
New markets found
Sugar trade continued
Slaving ports diversified

Navigation act impact

Free trade established
International trade on mass scale with increased markets
Increased trade

Not great impact
Final act in move towards free trade

33
Q

What is an entrepôt ?

A

Where ships of all nations can dock without paying taxes of tariffs on their cargos

34
Q

When was Singapore established as an Entrepôt

A

1819

35
Q

Who established Singapore ?
How did this come about ?
Why?

A

Stamford Raffles rented it in 1819

To undermine Dutch prominence in the area and so the trade route to China was made more effective and cheaper

36
Q

Why was Singapore so successful ?

How did the location enable this ?

A

No tariffs meant that Singapore eclipsed other ports in the region

Businesses set up headquarters there and were taxed lightly

It was half way between India and China and was useful as you could buy Chinese goods without going to China and the Chinese could buy opium there

37
Q

What did Singapore demonstrate to Robert peel ?

A

Free trade is very successful !

38
Q

What was the initial problem with trade with the Chinese ?

A

Britain wanted to see manufactured goods to the Chinese in exchange for tea , silk and porcelain

But the Chinese wanted gold and silver

This led to a negative balance of trade for Britain !

39
Q

How did the British solve the problem of having a negative balance of trade with China ?

A

Smuggling and selling opium made produced in India

This reversed the balance of trade and silver bullion flooded out of china

40
Q

Stats on opium imports when British were illegally smuggling it ? (2)

A

1839 - imports reached 2553 tons

Estimated the between 4 and 12 million Chinese people were regular users by mid 19th century

41
Q

How did the Chinese respond to the British initially smuggling opium ?

A

Chinese blockade 1839

Blockades canton and burned 1000 tons of opium

42
Q

How did the British respond to the Chinese blockade of 1839

A

First Opium war

Sent in the Navy which destroyed the Chinese navy and put the British in the position to dictate terms

They seized Hong Kong in 1841 and as this grew as an entrepôt, the British pressured for more territories

43
Q

Was Hong Kong successful?
Evidence ?
What did this mean ?

A

Successful entrepôt as it was a secure location for large vessels to offload cargo without paying tariffs

Population from Hong Kong grew 15,000 to 300,000 from 1841 to 1900

Meant British government put pressure on the Chinese for more treaties

44
Q

What was the treaty of Nanking ?

When was it

A

1842

UNEQUAL TREATY
Chinese had to cede the island of Hong Kong

Pay 6 million for destroyed opium
3 million to merchants in Canton
12 million to cover cost of war
Paid within 3 years at 5% interest to late payments

Open ports of shangai Ningpo … to foreign traders with low tariffs of 5%

British citizens got legal protection in China

45
Q

When was Shanghai opened as a trading port

A

1842

46
Q

Why was the opening up the port of Shanghai important ?

A

Location - situated on mouth of Yangtze so if opened up the interior of China which was previously inaccessible
As well as coastal trade !

Britain could trade with anyone rather than just Hong Kong monopoly
Americans and French established settlements there

47
Q

What did Shanghai mean for opium ?

A

6500 tons by 1880

Grew more steadily

48
Q

Why was the Suez Canal’s location significant ?

A

Meant that the route to Far East would be quicker for traders who would no longer have to go around the bottom of Africa

49
Q

What was the impact of the opening of the Suez Canal over time ?

For Britain specifically ?

A

Britain began to use it more frequently
By 1974, 3/4 of tonnage that passed through was British

It was only practical for steam ships so the amount of steam ships increased
1868-1874- steam tonnage from British ships increased 178%

50
Q

When was the Khedive’s shares of the Canal purchased and how ?

A

1875

British PM Disraeli bought it after the Khedive had become bankrupted
For 4,000,000 borrowing money from the Rothschild family

Without consulting parliament

51
Q

What was the significance of the purchase of Suez Canal shares in 1875 ?

A

Geo political motivations
Evidence of Britain acting otherwise another European power would
Worried french may start putting restrictions on British shipping

Methods - buying ! Rather than seizing !

52
Q

Was the investment in the Suez Canal by the British successful ?

A

Yes

Dividends increased from 4.7% to 33 % in the first five years

53
Q

When was the acquisition of Zanzibar ?

A

1890

54
Q

What were the motivations behind the acquisition of Zanzibar?

A

‘Scramble for Africa’
1884-1885

European powers want territory so the others couldn’t have it

Wanted to watch the Germans as it was opposite German East Africa
But officially it was to put an end to Arab run slave trade

55
Q

How was Zanzibar acquired?

A

Bismarck 1890 treaty formalised who got what

Germany gave up in Zanzibar in exchange for small island by Germany

Zanzibaris not involved in negotiations

56
Q

What was the significance of the acquisition of Zanzibar

A

Shift in empire’s motivations from financial to geo political and wanting to “paint the map red”

57
Q

Did the British run Zanzibar ?

A

Protectorate status
So it was cheaper
But there was no doubt as to who was in charge

58
Q

How much of Africa was claimed by European powers by 1900

A

90%

59
Q

When did the British lease Weihaiwei

A

1898

60
Q

Why did the British lease Weihaiwei?

A

Britain wanted to keep an eye on Russian fleet at port Arthur

61
Q

Why does the lease of Weihaiwei signify the decline of British empire

A

It lost money as a desperate attempt to spy on rivals

Demonstrates its decline as Britain were no longer motivated by trade and profit but were beginning to waste money in military and power relations which was long term unsustainable

Empire (8 decks)

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