Australia Flashcards
Who “discovered” Australia in 1770
Captain cook
When does the first fleet of criminals arrive in Botony Bay ?
1788
What 3 reasons might Britian have taken Australia
French might take it
Need somewhere to put criminals since 1 British penal system in crisis 2 lost the American colonies where criminals were often dumped
Banks said that the land was fertile to crops
Why was the first penal colony established in Sydney Cove and not Botony Bay ?
Although Banks had recommended Botony Bay,
It had no fresh water or cultivable soil
Who was the captain of the first penal colony ?
Philip
What were the failures of philip’s first colony ?
More expensive than government thought (84,000)
Two supply ships were shipwrecked
Sydney Cove did not yield much crop
What were the successes with Philip’s first penal colony in terms of food ? 3
Controlled food store with fair rations so no riots !
Stocked up on extra food for the boat against British advice which was actually necessary for survival.
Only one man starved
What were the successes in philip’s first colony in terms of housing ?
Everyone was housed by 1792
How did Governer Philip control everyone?
Seamen would act as police
He had the ability to inflict the death penalty in
When did Governer Philip’s first settlers arrive at Botony Bay ?
1788
Describe the first settlers of Governer Philip’s penal colony
1420 people
723 convicts with 2/3 sent for minor crimes like theft
600 seamen
Where was the second penal colony established ?
Norfolk Island
What happened to the second fleet ?
When did it arrive ?
1790
Lady Julianna arrives with women
150 out of 222 females die on voyage
What did the second fleet vitally bring for phillip’s colony ?
Livestock and supplies which the colony practically lived from
What were philip’s successes in terms of land cultibility
1000 acres cultible by 1792
How much did governor Phillip’s first colony financially cost
84,000 instead of 70,000
Describe the people of Governer Phillip’s first colony
600 seamen
732 convicts send for minor crimes (theft 2/3)
When did whaling begin?
1791
When were the rum years ?
1792-1809
Who took charge during the rum years?
What did they do to Governer Bligh?
The New South Wales corps
They overthrew Bligh and sent him on a boat back to England in 1808
When was Macquarie Governer ?
1810-1821
Who did the NSW corps overthrow
Governer Bligh
What did Governer Macquarie do to the NSW corps ?
How was this limited ?
He removes NSW corps sending them to Europe
However the NSW corps who retired could not be sent back like MacArthur who became problematic for Macquarie later
What was a “ticket of leave”
Semi freedom . Work then paid for extra work
Currency?
Free child born to convict
Sterling ?
Child born to a free settler
What did Macquarie do to get the colony off alcohol ?
- it couldn’t be bought during church
- removed the rum currency to the holy dollar
What was the role for women like in the colony ?
How did Macquarie alter this ?
They were often ‘welcomed’ by being raped on arrival - seriously outnumbered to the men.
Over half of them were ‘concubines’
Macquarie introduced ‘benefit of the clergy’ giving women the right to inherit land if their husband died
When were the blue mountains crossed ?
1813
What did Macquarie do to get a road to the blue mountains set up in 6 months ?
Said he’d give early pardons to the convicts who built it if they did so in 6 months
What did the road to the blue mountains unlock
Cultible soil
Enough grazing lands to support the colony for 30 years - Blaxland
Who designed the rum hospital
Greenaway - convict
How did Macquarie improve infrastructure
265 building built
Sydney prison
Rum hospital
Toll road between Sydney and parramatta
Why were the free settlers angry at Macquarie?
What did they do?
They wanted the convicts to work for them in a new underclass.
Macquarie gave them land so they formed rival farms
They wrote to British - key person MacArthur stating how Macquarie was too soft
Where did Macquarie let emancipist build along ?
Hawksbury river
What happened with aboriginals along the hawksbury river ?
14 aboriginals were killed
What was the biggee report
1822
In response to the the letters from the free settlers
Said no more tickets of leave or early pardons
Macquarie was removed
Gurenteed a different rule
Who was the Governer of VDL
Governer Arthur
How many sheep were there on VDL by 1827
436,256
When was Western Australia expanded into ?
1826
Why was Western Australia expanded into
To stop the french from doing it
Who were the swan river company ?
What did they do ?
Bought land from the British government in 1829
(Silent partner Levey ex con )
Aimed for 10,000 people in Western Australia
Got 1500 there
First free colony !!!
What was the British governments official policy to the aboriginals
Punish those who attack them but also take their land
What was the aboriginal culture ?
Why was this so difficult for the British
Hunter gatherers
No concept of private property
So explaining that British land was British land did not compute with aboriginals
What was the main industry in VDL
Whaling and sealing
Emancipists !
Campbell got free trade for whaling and sealing goods like skins and soaps
What happened to turn Australia into more of a colony in 1823
Legislative councils advise the Governer
Increase from 7-15
Over half of which weren’t appointed by the Governer
Independent judiciary
By 1828 how many free settlers were there compared to convicts
16,000 convicts
21,000 free settlers
What happened with aboriginals on NSW
Most were wiped out by disease
Initial aboriginal trade with Arthur
Settlers did not have guns and did not have free reign to Kill them
Aboriginals initially paid in alcohol to catch escaped convicts
However
Violent reprisal raids
Most of them were wiped out
What was the black war between setters and aboriginals
VDL
1804 onwards
War between them
Unprovoked attacks in the bush killing aboriginals
How did the settlers of VDL kill aboriginals
They had the means to - they had guns
Bushwhakcers !!!
What did Governer Arthur do the aboriginals
- 4000 man effort to push them to the north east
- forced relocation of the last 100 aboriginals in 1830
Aboriginal in VDL stats
In 1803 there was between 3000 and 4000 aboriginal people
By 1830, 99% were wiped out
Last 100 forced relocation
Complete genocide
Truganini dies 1876
