Trade

Question 1

What appears to have been a significant export from Phoenicia? Evidence?

Answer 1

timber
nineveh relief shows cedar trees being transported

Question 2

What archaeological evidence has been found at Tyre?

Answer 2

Euboean pottery
Cypriot pottery
local style red-slip pottery and juglets
Al Bass cemetery - mostly lower class tombs for adults, dates from 10-8th cents

Question 3

What archaeological evidence has been found in Sidon?

Answer 3

Euboean and Cypriot pottery
Settlement evidence from BA onwards

Question 4

What was a pottery decor style that originated from Cyprus? Why is it signif?

Answer 4

black on red
It was distributed around Greek world, the agents in tis process were likely Phoenicians

Question 5

What are the first two stops on the Phoenician trade route west?

Answer 5

Cyprus and Crete

Question 6

What structure in Kommos attests to a signif influence of Phoen traders in the area?

Answer 6

Temple B
Had v eastern plan and many faience figures found there, incl of Sekhmet and Nefertum

Question 7

What evidence is there of Phoenician links at Knossos North Cemetery?

Answer 7

Phoen script found on pottery dedicated in graves
cippi (grave markers of Phoen style) used

Question 8

When was Carthage founded? Significance?

Answer 8

9th cent BCE
Was founded by Phoenicians, likely with an element of trade function. By 7th cent had become v prosperous and had much evidence of Phoen and Greek material culture

Question 9

What trade did Carthage likely primarily profit from?

Answer 9

metals, dyes, and olive oil

Question 10

Evidence of Carthaginian trade abroad?

Answer 10

They had very distinct storage pot

Question 11

What is one of the most unique elements of archaeology in Carthage?

Answer 11

Tophet necropolis
Necropolis in which grave markers are tophets, eastern structures of basic stone shapes

Question 12

What burial rite is uniquely archaeologically and literarily attested to in Carthage?

Answer 12

Child sacrifice, from 770-50 to 4th cent BCE, likely for sake of the community

Question 13

What is the evidence of trade in Utica? Nuance?

Answer 13

Euboean, Cypriot, and Sardinian imports found
most items excavated were locally sourced

Question 14

What evidence is there of trading links in Sardinia?

Answer 14

bronze figurines from Cyprus
Euboean pottery
Etruscan wares

Question 15

What was an important export of Sardinia?

Answer 15

bronze

Question 16

When was Sant’Imbenia founded? Signif?

Answer 16

late 9th cent BCE
Appears to have been key metal working region and has evidence of trading links e.g. eub and pithekoussai pottery

Question 17

Through what means did the Phoenicians settle in Sardinia?

Answer 17

influence in Carthage and individuals from there appearing to travel over

Question 18

What group has traditionally been seen as the agents of Mediterranean trade in EIA?

Answer 18

Euboeans

Question 19

Why does a pot (e.g. from Euboea) not equate to related people in the findspot?

Answer 19

a person of that specific place does not have to have carried that pot

Question 20

What is the problem with the literary evidence as to Phoenicians?

Answer 20

it is all or at least mostly Greek

Question 21

What impression does one get of Greek view on Phoenicians in EIA from Homer? Significance?

Answer 21

negative, hostile
Has impacted the bias of modern scholars towards greek agency in Medit trade of the period

Question 22

Alongside Euboean, what are the other key sources of Greek pottery found around the Med in EIA?

Answer 22

Rhodes
Corinth

Question 23

Other than pottery, what are the other goods being trading in EIA Med? Why have these been neglected?

Answer 23

textiles, metal ores, human slaves, grain, and oil
Pottery has become what archaeologists rely on to argue for Greek agency and look for in their work

Question 24

What did Boardman argue from the high numbers of greek pottery recorded at Al Mina? How did Papadopoulos caveat this?

Answer 24

Al Mina was a Greek (largely Euboaean) emporion there, intended to serve trading interests but also being a potential settlement.
1. Dependence on greek pottery logic could in turn mean an arg could be made as to Lefkandi being an Eastern Med emporion.
2. Material published is only one part of a complex picture due to the difficulties in excavation and bias of scholars.

Question 25

What as found in excavations of ceramics at ASHKELON (Israel)? Conclusion?

Answer 25

Greek material accounts for 0.4% of record, whereas Phoenician is dominant.
Weak support for an argument of G presence.

Question 26

In looking at Greek influence/presence in an Eastern Med location, what other than pottery should be considered?

Answer 26

Architecture
Burial customs
Small finds

Question 27

From when and where did Greek pottery in Al Mina derive from?

Answer 27

8th-6th cents
Attica, Euboea, Samos, Rhodes (highest proport), Corinth, Chios, and Miletus

Question 28

What alternative process to commercial trade in which exchange occurred in Ancient World is often overlooked as a means of Greek pottery transfer?

Answer 28

gift-exchange
likely functioned alongside commercial trade, should that have happened in the modern conception of it

Question 29

What was a key arena for greek gift-exchange?

Answer 29

Sanctuaries

Question 30

What items are well attested in gift exchange?

Answer 30

precious metals, ivory, precious stones, faience, livestock, and human slaves

Question 31

How was PSC pattern achieved?

Answer 31

compass brush

Question 32

What ethnicities does Papadopoulos argue were living in Pithekoussai or at least having intensive interactions with?

Answer 32

Euboeans, Eretrurians, Phoenicians, Corinthians

Question 33

What is the alternative of a colonial-driven quest in looking at Greek activity in the west? Evidence?

Answer 33

commodity-driven
Apparent co-habitation which would have supported the commodity search of Greeks that were keen to preserve traditions of the natives who were used to the local resources and how to use them.

Question 34

What is the main problem with the study of ethnicity in EIA Greek?

Answer 34

Ethnicity is difficult to derive from archaeological data and especially the archaeological evidence we have for EIA greece:
pottery - problematic for derioving social, political, or economic concs from
burials - uncertain as to the extent of correlation betw practices and social/ethnic affinity

Question 35

Where has Euboean pottery been found in small amounts in the Aegean? Evidence problem here?

Answer 35

Crete, Skyros, and Andros
Literary evidence suggests far greater involvement, both commercially and colonially, of the Euboeans in the Aegean.

Question 36

What archaological charcteristic does Papadopoulos attribute Athens, Lefkandi, Knossos, and Corinth’s EIA prominence to?

Answer 36

Variety and number of Eastern exports there

Question 37

How does Papadopoulos describe Lefkandi’s role in G and Phoen interactions?

Answer 37

A centre for enterprising individuals from both places to co-habit, share ideas and culture, and possibly organise a ‘joint venture’ to the G west.

Question 38

What are the two levels as to the EIA Med economy in the Sherrat and Sherrat model?

Answer 38

local exchange relationships and long distnace trade routes

Question 39

What is Purcell’s model as to the EIA Med economy and trade?

Answer 39

Fluidity of borders enabled cultural agents and ideas to spread across the wider Mediterranean.

Question 40

How are Mycenaean wares in Italy explained?

Answer 40

trade in the area motivated by the natural resources (minerals, precious metals) in the area

Question 41

What are the two key sources of material culture in Italy pre-Greek presence?

Answer 41

Veii and Campania
Specifically, their necropoleis

Question 42

Characteristics of Attic PG pottery?

Answer 42

compass-drawn concentric circles and high conical feet
in later stage (understood to be the longest) black-glazed decor became more common

Question 43

What distinguishes Euboean pottery from Attic EG despite emerging at the same time?

Answer 43

Euboean pottery c900 (known as subprotogeometric) continued abandoned traits of Attic pottery like the concentric circles

Question 44

In 9th cent BCE, where have PSC skyphoi been found in highest conc?

Answer 44

northern Aegean and Levant

Question 45

What shape decorated w Euboean semi-circles emerged in 9th cent? Why?

Answer 45

plate
seemingly appealed to Levantine tastes, having been found rarely elsewhere in Aegean

Question 46

What was the Athenian trade pottery in EIA?

Answer 46

SOS Amphorae

Question 47

What are the features of SOS amphorae?

Answer 47

circular neck handles
flared neck
high and broad shoulder
early period - triangle mark on neck; later - distinctive O icon on neck

Question 48

In what places have SOS amphorae been found?

Answer 48

Central Greece
northern Greece
Sicily
Italy
Western Mediterranean
Asia Minor/Black Sea
Eastern Mediterranean islands
Levant/Egypt

Question 49

Parallel of Athenian SOS amphorae?

Answer 49

Chalcidian SOS amphorae, spread around North Aegean
morphological traits, like a prominent convex bulge in the neck, as well as decorative motifs
uncertainty about connection in scholarship

Question 50

What social rep/role did G pottery have in the Levant?

Answer 50

more of an economic item/commodity, rather than a fine prestige good