Trade Flashcards
Greek goods abroad: trade, identities ('pots are not ppl'), role of Eubs emporia: typicality, diff from apoikia Shipwrecks: imp as evidence incl for networks Trade and the Econ: wine, from arch, valuable metals, arch invisible goods, gift exchange
What appears to have been a significant export from Phoenicia? Evidence?
timber
nineveh relief shows cedar trees being transported
What archaeological evidence has been found at Tyre?
Euboean pottery
Cypriot pottery
local style red-slip pottery and juglets
Al Bass cemetery - mostly lower class tombs for adults, dates from 10-8th cents
What archaeological evidence has been found in Sidon?
Euboean and Cypriot pottery
Settlement evidence from BA onwards
What was a pottery decor style that originated from Cyprus? Why is it signif?
black on red
It was distributed around Greek world, the agents in tis process were likely Phoenicians
What are the first two stops on the Phoenician trade route west?
Cyprus and Crete
What structure in Kommos attests to a signif influence of Phoen traders in the area?
Temple B
Had v eastern plan and many faience figures found there, incl of Sekhmet and Nefertum
What evidence is there of Phoenician links at Knossos North Cemetery?
Phoen script found on pottery dedicated in graves
cippi (grave markers of Phoen style) used
When was Carthage founded? Significance?
9th cent BCE
Was founded by Phoenicians, likely with an element of trade function. By 7th cent had become v prosperous and had much evidence of Phoen and Greek material culture
What trade did Carthage likely primarily profit from?
metals, dyes, and olive oil
Evidence of Carthaginian trade abroad?
They had very distinct storage pot
What is one of the most unique elements of archaeology in Carthage?
Tophet necropolis
Necropolis in which grave markers are tophets, eastern structures of basic stone shapes
What burial rite is uniquely archaeologically and literarily attested to in Carthage?
Child sacrifice, from 770-50 to 4th cent BCE, likely for sake of the community
What is the evidence of trade in Utica? Nuance?
Euboean, Cypriot, and Sardinian imports found
most items excavated were locally sourced
What evidence is there of trading links in Sardinia?
bronze figurines from Cyprus
Euboean pottery
Etruscan wares
What was an important export of Sardinia?
bronze
When was Sant’Imbenia founded? Signif?
late 9th cent BCE
Appears to have been key metal working region and has evidence of trading links e.g. eub and pithekoussai pottery
Through what means did the Phoenicians settle in Sardinia?
influence in Carthage and individuals from there appearing to travel over
What group has traditionally been seen as the agents of Mediterranean trade in EIA?
Euboeans
Why does a pot (e.g. from Euboea) not equate to related people in the findspot?
a person of that specific place does not have to have carried that pot
What is the problem with the literary evidence as to Phoenicians?
it is all or at least mostly Greek
What impression does one get of Greek view on Phoenicians in EIA from Homer? Significance?
negative, hostile
Has impacted the bias of modern scholars towards greek agency in Medit trade of the period
Alongside Euboean, what are the other key sources of Greek pottery found around the Med in EIA?
Rhodes
Corinth
Other than pottery, what are the other goods being trading in EIA Med? Why have these been neglected?
textiles, metal ores, human slaves, grain, and oil
Pottery has become what archaeologists rely on to argue for Greek agency and look for in their work
What did Boardman argue from the high numbers of greek pottery recorded at Al Mina? How did Papadopoulos caveat this?
Al Mina was a Greek (largely Euboaean) emporion there, intended to serve trading interests but also being a potential settlement.
1. Dependence on greek pottery logic could in turn mean an arg could be made as to Lefkandi being an Eastern Med emporion.
2. Material published is only one part of a complex picture due to the difficulties in excavation and bias of scholars.
What as found in excavations of ceramics at ASHKELON (Israel)? Conclusion?
Greek material accounts for 0.4% of record, whereas Phoenician is dominant.
Weak support for an argument of G presence.
In looking at Greek influence/presence in an Eastern Med location, what other than pottery should be considered?
Architecture
Burial customs
Small finds
From when and where did Greek pottery in Al Mina derive from?
8th-6th cents
Attica, Euboea, Samos, Rhodes (highest proport), Corinth, Chios, and Miletus
What alternative process to commercial trade in which exchange occurred in Ancient World is often overlooked as a means of Greek pottery transfer?
gift-exchange
likely functioned alongside commercial trade, should that have happened in the modern conception of it
What was a key arena for greek gift-exchange?
Sanctuaries
What items are well attested in gift exchange?
precious metals, ivory, precious stones, faience, livestock, and human slaves
How was PSC pattern achieved?
compass brush
What ethnicities does Papadopoulos argue were living in Pithekoussai or at least having intensive interactions with?
Euboeans, Eretrurians, Phoenicians, Corinthians
What is the alternative of a colonial-driven quest in looking at Greek activity in the west? Evidence?
commodity-driven
Apparent co-habitation which would have supported the commodity search of Greeks that were keen to preserve traditions of the natives who were used to the local resources and how to use them.
What is the main problem with the study of ethnicity in EIA Greek?
Ethnicity is difficult to derive from archaeological data and especially the archaeological evidence we have for EIA greece:
pottery - problematic for derioving social, political, or economic concs from
burials - uncertain as to the extent of correlation betw practices and social/ethnic affinity
Where has Euboean pottery been found in small amounts in the Aegean? Evidence problem here?
Crete, Skyros, and Andros
Literary evidence suggests far greater involvement, both commercially and colonially, of the Euboeans in the Aegean.
What archaological charcteristic does Papadopoulos attribute Athens, Lefkandi, Knossos, and Corinth’s EIA prominence to?
Variety and number of Eastern exports there
How does Papadopoulos describe Lefkandi’s role in G and Phoen interactions?
A centre for enterprising individuals from both places to co-habit, share ideas and culture, and possibly organise a ‘joint venture’ to the G west.
What are the two levels as to the EIA Med economy in the Sherrat and Sherrat model?
local exchange relationships and long distnace trade routes
What is Purcell’s model as to the EIA Med economy and trade?
Fluidity of borders enabled cultural agents and ideas to spread across the wider Mediterranean.
How are Mycenaean wares in Italy explained?
trade in the area motivated by the natural resources (minerals, precious metals) in the area
What are the two key sources of material culture in Italy pre-Greek presence?
Veii and Campania
Specifically, their necropoleis
Characteristics of Attic PG pottery?
compass-drawn concentric circles and high conical feet
in later stage (understood to be the longest) black-glazed decor became more common
What distinguishes Euboean pottery from Attic EG despite emerging at the same time?
Euboean pottery c900 (known as subprotogeometric) continued abandoned traits of Attic pottery like the concentric circles
In 9th cent BCE, where have PSC skyphoi been found in highest conc?
northern Aegean and Levant
What shape decorated w Euboean semi-circles emerged in 9th cent? Why?
plate
seemingly appealed to Levantine tastes, having been found rarely elsewhere in Aegean
What was the Athenian trade pottery in EIA?
SOS Amphorae
What are the features of SOS amphorae?
circular neck handles
flared neck
high and broad shoulder
early period - triangle mark on neck; later - distinctive O icon on neck
In what places have SOS amphorae been found?
Central Greece
northern Greece
Sicily
Italy
Western Mediterranean
Asia Minor/Black Sea
Eastern Mediterranean islands
Levant/Egypt
Parallel of Athenian SOS amphorae?
Chalcidian SOS amphorae, spread around North Aegean
morphological traits, like a prominent convex bulge in the neck, as well as decorative motifs
uncertainty about connection in scholarship
What social rep/role did G pottery have in the Levant?
more of an economic item/commodity, rather than a fine prestige good
