Trachea And Oesophagus

Question 1

Trachea is the continuation of —— at the lower border of —-

Answer 1

Larynx
Cricoid cartilage (c6)

Question 2

Trachea ends by dividing into——- opposite the disk between T— and T—

Answer 2

Left and right main bronchi
T4 and T5

Question 3

Trachea lies in the midline of —-, in front of—- and behind——

Answer 3

Neck
Oesophagus
Thyroid gland

Question 4

Trachea
Upper 1/2 in the neck is called —— and lower 1/2 in thorax(—— mediastinum)is called ——

Answer 4

Cervical part
Superior mediastinum
Thoracic part

Question 5

Trachea is lined by what epithelium

Answer 5

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
In slide : ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 6

Trachea
—-cm long/— cm in diameter
— to — incomplete rings of cartilage and bridged posteriorly by—-
Normally Stops at T— level
T— on inspiration
T— on expiration
Normal angle —-
— degrees to right of midline
—- degrees to left of midline
Angle slightly larger and symmetrical in—-
Angle increases by — to — degrees in recumbency

Answer 6

15cm
2cm
15 to 20
Trachealis muscle
T5
T4
T6
65 degrees
20 degrees
40 degrees
Children
10 to 15 degrees

Question 7

Trachea relations
Anterior cervical

Answer 7

Isthmus anterior to 2nd 3rd 4th rings
Strap muscles: sternothyroid and sternohyoid
Inferior thyroid veins

Question 8

Trachea relations
Posterior cervical

Answer 8

Oesophagus
Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 9

Trachea relations
Lateral cervical

Answer 9

Common carotid artery
Lobes of thyroid

Question 10

Trachea relations
Anterior thoracic

Answer 10

Brachiocephalic a.
Left common carotid a.
Left brachiocephalic v.

Question 11

Trachea relations
Posterior thoracic

Answer 11

Oesophagus
Left recurrent laryngeal n.

Question 12

Vasculature
Upper trachea:
Lower trachea:

Answer 12

Upper trachea :Inferior thyroid artery
Lower trachea: branches of bronchial artery

Question 13

Venous drainage of trachea

Answer 13

Inferior thyroid venous plexus

Question 14

Trachea relations
Left lateral thoracic

Answer 14

Arch of aorta
Left common carotid
Left subclavian artery

Question 15

Trachea relations
Right lateral thoracic

Answer 15

Right vagus nerve
Arch of azygos vein
Pleura

Question 16

Trachea

Lymphatic Drainage & Innervation
Lymph node:
—— & —— node
 Parasympathetic:
— & ———-nerve
 Sympathetic:
Fiber from the ——- ganglion

Answer 16

Lymphatic Drainage & Innervation
14
Lymph node:
Pretracheal & Paratracheal node  Parasympathetic:
Vagi & recurrent laryngeal nerve  Sympathetic:
Fiber from the middle cervical ganglion

Question 17

Trachea

Applied Anatomy
—— : Inflammation in the trachea can lead to scarring and narrowing of the windpipe. Surgery or endoscopy may be needed to correct the narrowing (stenosis), if severe.
 ————: An abnormal channel forms to connect the trachea and the esophagus. Passage of swallowed food from the esophagus into the trachea causes serious lung problems.
 —— : An object is inhaled (aspirated) and lodges in the trachea or one of its branches. A procedure called bronchoscopy is usually needed to remove a foreign body from the tracheal.

Answer 17

Applied Anatomy
 Tracheal stenosis: Inflammation in the trachea can lead to scarring and narrowing of the windpipe. Surgery or endoscopy may be needed to correct the narrowing (stenosis), if severe.
 Tracheoesophageal fistula: An abnormal channel forms to connect the trachea and the esophagus. Passage of swallowed food from the esophagus into the trachea causes serious lung problems.
 Tracheal foreign body: An object is inhaled (aspirated) and lodges in the trachea or one of its branches. A procedure called bronchoscopy is usually needed to remove a foreign body from the tracheal.

Question 18

ESOPHAGUS
 It is a tubular structure about— cm long.
 It begins as the continuation of the —— at the level of — cervical vertebra.
 It pierces the diaphragm at the level of the — thoracic vertebra to join the stomach.
 It is divided into 3 parts:
 1- —-.
 2- ——.
 3- —-.

Answer 18

ESOPHAGUS
Abdominal
 It is a tubular structure about 25 cm long.
 It begins as the continuation
of the
of the 6th cervical vertebra.
pharynx at the level
 It pierces the diaphragm at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra to join the stomach.
 It is divided into 3 parts:
 1- Cervical.
 2- Thoracic.
 3- Abdominal.

Question 19

Oesophagus

CURVATURES & CONSTRICTIONS
It has:
2 curvatures:
1.
2.
 4constrictions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 19

CURVATURES & CONSTRICTIONS
It has:
Root of the neck
Near the lower end
 4constrictions
Crosses by cricopharyngeus muscle i.e 15cm from Incisor.T
Crosses by aortic arch, 22.5cm Crosses by bronchus, 27.5 cm Pierce the diaphragm, 37.5cm

Question 20

Oesophagus relations
CERVICAL PART
 Posteriorly:

 Laterally:

 Anteriorly:

Answer 20

CERVICAL PART
 Posteriorly:
 Vertebral column.
 Laterally:
 Lobes of the thyroid gland.
 Anteriorly:
 Trachea & the recurrent laryngeal nerves.

Question 21

Oesophagus movement in thoracic part

Answer 21

In the thorax, it passes downward & to the left through superior Mediastinum
then to posterior Mediastinum
 At the level of the sternal angle, the aortic arch pushes the esophagus again to the midline.

Question 22

Oesophagus relations
Anterior thoracic

Answer 22

Thoracic part
ANTERIOR RELATIONS
 Trachea
 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
 Left principal bronchus
 Pericardium
 Left atrium

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Question 23

Oesophagus relations
Posterior thoracic

Answer 23

POSTERIOR RELATIONS
 Bodies of the thoracic
vertebrae
 Thoracic duct
 Azygos vein
 Right posterior intercostal arteries
 Descending thoracic aorta (at the lower end)

DART B

Question 24

Oesophagus relations
Right part thoracic

Answer 24

 On the Right side :
 Right mediastinal pleura
 Terminal part of the azygos vein.

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Question 25

Oesophagus relations
Left part thoracic

Answer 25

On the Left side:
 Left mediastinal
pleura
 Left subclavian
artery
 Aortic arch
 Thoracic duct

TALL

Question 26

Oesophagus

ARTERIAL SUPPLY
 Upper third by the —— .
 The middle third by the ——.
 The lower third by the ——-.

Answer 26

ARTERIAL SUPPLY
 Upper third by the inferior thyroid artery.
 The middle third by the thoracic aorta.
 The lower third by the left gastric artery.

Question 27

Oesophagus

VENOUS DRAINAGE
 The upper third drains in into ——.
 The middle third into the ——.
 The lower third into the —-, which is a tributary of the —-vein.

Answer 27

VENOUS DRAINAGE
 NB. Esophageal varices.
 The upper third drains in into the inferior thyroid veins.
 The middle third into the azygos veins.
 The lower third into the left gastric vein, which is a tributary of the portal vein.

Question 28

Oesophagus

LYMPH DRAINAGE
 The upper third is drained into the ——— nodes.
 The middle third is drained into the —and —- nodes.
 The lower third is drained in the——- nodes in the abdomen.

Answer 28

LYMPH DRAINAGE
 The upper third is drained into the deep cervical nodes.
 The middle third is drained into the superior & inferior mediastinal nodes.
 The lower third is drained in the celiac lymph nodes in the abdomen.

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Question 29

Oesophagus

NERVE SUPPLY
 It is supplied by sympathetic fibers from the ———.
The parasympathetic supply comes form the ——nerves.
 Inferior to the roots of the lungs, the vagus nerves join the sympathetic nerves to form the —— plexus.

Answer 29

NERVE SUPPLY
 It is supplied by sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunks.
The parasympathetic supply comes form the vagus nerves.
 Inferior to the roots of the lungs, the vagus nerves join the sympathetic nerves to form the esophageal plexus.

Question 30

Where does the vagus nerves join the sympathetic nerves to form the esophageal plexus.

Answer 30

Inferior to the roots of the lungs, the vagus nerves join the sympathetic nerves to form the esophageal plexus.