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ruminant medicine > Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the trace minerals?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Copper
  3. Zinc
  4. Selenium
  5. Cobalt
  6. Molybdenum
  7. Iodine
  8. Manganese
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2
Q

What is the major function of iron in the body?

A

Haemoglobin production

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3
Q

How is iron stored in the body?

A
  1. Ferritin - spleen, liver, kidney and bone marrow

2. Haemosiderin

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4
Q

Where do animals get iron from?

A

Diet - green leafy material, especially leguminous plants.

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5
Q

Is milk a good or bad source of iron?

A

BAD

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6
Q

What causes iron deficiency?

A
  1. Insufficient iron intake
  2. Poor dietary intake - rare
  3. Decreased absorption, e.g. chronic blood loss - parasites
  4. Decreased iron transport - e.g. decreased Cu or protein levels
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7
Q

How does iron deficiency present?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

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8
Q

Is iron deficiency common in lambs and calves? Why?

A

No, as management practices rarely allows them to be raised on an unsupplemented milk diet

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9
Q

How is iron deficiency diagnosed?

A
  1. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

2. Decreased serum iron concentration - <110-150ug/dl

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10
Q

How do we treat iron deficiency?

A

Give oral ferrous sulphate or parenteral iron dextran

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11
Q

What causes iron toxicity?

A

Prolonged oral administration of iron

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12
Q

Is iron toxicity common in farm animals?

A

No

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13
Q

How does iron toxicity affect the body?

A

By generating excess oxygen-based free radicals, contributing to oxidative stress in cells -> lipid peroxidation

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of iron toxicity?

A
  • Trembling and convulsions
  • Vocalisation
  • Bruxism
  • GIT disturbances and colic
  • Reduced growth
  • Concurrent potassium deficiency
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15
Q

What is the function of copper?

A
  • Haemoglobin function
  • Oxygen metabolism
  • Protein formation
  • Metalloenzymes
  • Growth and metabolism
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16
Q

Where is copper stored?

A

In the liver

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17
Q

Are copper levels high in milk?

A

No!

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18
Q

What causes copper deficiency?

A
  1. Copper deficient soils

2. Molybdenum toxicity

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19
Q

How does copper deficiency affect the body?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anaemia

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of copper deficiency?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Poor growth
  • Bone disorders
  • Scouring and GIT disorders
  • Depigmentation of hair and wool
  • Brain stem and spinal cord disorders
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21
Q

What is enzootic ataxia or swayback?

A

A disorder seen in lambs due to copper deficiency causing lesions on the brain stem and spinal cod, causing muscular incoordination

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22
Q

How is copper deficiency diagnosed?

A

Low serum copper - <0.7ug/ml

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23
Q

What causes copper toxicity?

A
  1. Over ingestion of copper containing products

2. Ingestion of plants causing copper retention, e.g. sub-terraneal clover

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24
Q

What animals are most likely to be affected by copper toxicity?

A

Sheep - used in anthelmintic drenches

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25
Q

How does copper toxicity affect the body?

A

Accumulates over a chronic period, causing necrosis of the liver cells and acute intravascular haemolysis

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26
Q

How much copper needs to be ingested daily for chronic toxicity?

A

3.5mg/kg

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs of copper toxicity?

A
  • Severe gastroenteritis
  • Abdominal pain
  • Inappetence and anorexia
  • Diarrhoea and dehydration
  • Shock
  • Anaemia
  • Dark brown urine
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28
Q

What congenital lesions are seen in copper toxic ewes?

A
  • Absence of limbs

- Brachygnathia

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29
Q

How do we diagnose copper toxicity?

A
  1. Elevated copper levels in the liver
  2. Elevated liver enzymes - AST, LDH, ALT
  3. Anaemia
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30
Q

How do we treat copper toxicity?

A
  1. Ammonium molydenate - 50-500mg (reduces absorption and increased excretion)
  2. Sodium sulphate - 0.3-1g
  3. 20% lysine
  4. Symptomatic
  5. Zinc - increases excretion
  6. Vitamin C - reduced oxidative chages
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31
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A
  1. Enzyme systems
  2. Cell replication and differentiation
  3. Production, secretion and storage of many hormones
  4. Immunity
  5. Electrolyte balance
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32
Q

What is the dietary recommendation of zinc?

A

23-63mg/kg DM

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33
Q

Where is zinc found?

A

Cereals and grains (concentrates)

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of zinc deficiency?

A
  • Inflammation of the nose and mouth
  • Stiffness of joints
  • Swollen feet
  • Parakeratosis
  • Reduced reproductive capacity
35
Q

How do we diagnose zinc deficiency?

A

Serum zinc levels - <0.4ug/ml

36
Q

How do we treat zinc deficiency?

A

2-5g of zinc sulphate to cattle

40mg of zinc sulphate to sheep

37
Q

Is zinc toxicity common?

A

No - massive tolerance

38
Q

What does zinc toxicity do?

A

Vascular and hepatic necrosis

39
Q

What disease is caused by selenium deficiency?

A

White Muscle Disease

40
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A
  1. Component of glutathione peroxidase
  2. Antioxidase
  3. Production of thyroid hormones
41
Q

What causes selenium toxicity?

A
  1. Selenium-filled plants

2. Selenium injections (for white muscle disease)

42
Q

How does selenium toxicity affect the body?

A

Acts in the opposite manner to the desired effect by inhibiting cellular function - replaces methionine & cystein

43
Q

What cells are most susceptible to selenium toxicity?

A

Keratinocytes - destruction of forelimbs and claws

44
Q

What is the preventative dose of selenium?

A

0.1-0.2mg/kg

45
Q

What is the therapeutic dose of selenium?

A

0.3-0.4mg/kg

46
Q

What is the lethal dose of selenium?

A

0.9mg/kg

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute selenium toxicity?

A

Sudden death

  • Severe GIT upset
  • Ataxia
  • Heart weakness
  • Dyspnoea
  • Frothing from nose and mouth
  • MOF
48
Q

What is blind staggers?

A

Sub-acute selenium toxicity

49
Q

What are the clinical signs of blind staggers?

A
  • Blindness
  • Separation from herd
  • Bumping into objects
  • Forelimb weakness
  • Laryngeal and tongue paralysis
  • Respiratory failure
  • Death
50
Q

What is alkali disease?

A

Chronic selenium toxicity

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of alkali disease?

A
  • Destruction of the claws and hairs
  • Lameness
  • Laminitis
  • Congenital malformations
52
Q

How do we treat selenium toxicity?

A

No specific treatment

  • Eliminate source
  • High dietary protein, copper and arsenic salts
53
Q

What are the functions of cobalt?

A
  1. Formation of haemoglobin
  2. Works with vitamin B12
  3. Enzyme production (thyroid)
  4. Wool growth
54
Q

Which animals are more commonly affected by cobalt deficiency?

A

Sheep - due to use in wool

55
Q

What clinical signs are seen in cobalt deficiency?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Poor growth and poor coat
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Muscle weakness
  • Macrocytic normochronic anaemia
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
56
Q

Why does cobalt deficiency cause hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Causes the accumulation of methymalonic acid in the liver, which is converted to branched fatty acids, resulting in fatty liver degeneration

57
Q

How is cobalt deficiency treated?

A

IM vitamin B12 for several weeks

58
Q

What causes cobalt toxicity?

A

Cobalt overdose

59
Q

What are the clinical signs of cobalt toxicity?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Diarrhoea
  • Poor growth
  • Dull dry skin and hair
  • PU/PD
  • Recumbency, ataxia, seizures
  • Sudden death
60
Q

How to treat cobalt toxicity?

A

Methionine PO

61
Q

What is the function of molybdenum?

A
  1. Enzymatic processes
  2. Sulphate and copper metabolism
  3. DNA production
62
Q

What happens during molybdenum deficiency?

A
  1. Breakdown of amino acid, toxins and drug metabolism
  2. Sulphate and copper toxicity
  3. DNA mutation
63
Q

What are the clinical signs of molybdenum deficiency?

A

Severe liver dysfunction - icterus and hepatic encephalopathy

64
Q

How do we treat molybdenum deficiency?

A

Molybdenum supplementation

65
Q

What can cause molybdenum toxicity?

A
  1. Over-supplementation
  2. High legume diet
  3. Low sulphate or copper diet
66
Q

What are the clinical signs of molybdenum toxicity in cattle?

A
  • Poor growth
  • Poor hair coat
  • Hypopigmentation around eyes
  • Unthriftiness
  • Anaemia
  • Emaciation
  • Lameness
  • Poor fertility
  • Severe foamy diarrhoea
67
Q

What are the clinical signs of molybdenum toxicity in sheep?

A

Enzootic ataxia

68
Q

How do we treat molybdenum toxicity?

A

1% copper sulphate

69
Q

What are the functions of iodine?

A
  1. Thyroid hormones - produces thyroxine
  2. Foetal development
  3. Immune response
70
Q

What is the major sign of iodine deficiency?

A

Goitre - enlarged thyroid gland

71
Q

What can cause iodine deficiency?

A
  1. Low soil content

2. Cabbage, legumes or thiouracil consumption - giotrogenic

72
Q

What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency in calves?

A
  • Stillborn
  • Die soon after birth
  • Goitre
  • Weakness
  • Blindness
  • Poor coat
  • Retarded growth
  • Apathy
  • Alopecia
73
Q

What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency in adults?

A
  • Retained placenta
  • Stillbirth, miscarriage, abortion
  • Infertility
  • Irregular oestrous
  • Decreased milk yield
74
Q

How do we diagnose iodine deficiency?

A

T4 levels <20nmol/l in serum

75
Q

How do we treat iodine deficiency?

A

Potassium iodine PO (intaruminal bolus - slow release)

76
Q

How does iodine toxicity affect the body?

A

Suppresses thyroid activity

77
Q

What are the functions of manganese?

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Bone formation
  3. Choline metabolism
78
Q

What causes manganese deficiency?

A

High calcium or phosphorous levels - suppress the ability to absorb manganese

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of manganese deficiency?

A
  1. Impaired reproduction
  2. Skeletal deformations - rickets and contracted tendons
  3. Fat cow syndrome
80
Q

How does manganese toxicity affect the body?

A

Interferes with the synthesis of ascorbic acid and absorption of dietary iron - iron deficiency anaemia

81
Q

What are the clinical signs of manganese toxicity?

A
  1. Neurological

2. GIT

82
Q

How do we treat manganese toxicity?

A

Dimercaprol chelation

ruminant medicine (12 decks)

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