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ruminant medicine > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contagious agents causing mastitis?

A
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Streptococcus dysgalactiae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Mycoplasma bovis/ovis/caprae
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2
Q

What are the environmental agents for mastitis?

A
  • Streptococcus uberis
  • Coagulase negative Staphylococci
  • Truperella pyogenes
  • Coliforms
  • Pseudomonas
  • Candida
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3
Q

What other agents can cause mastitis?

A
  • Prototheca*
  • Clostridium perfringens*
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4
Q

How to organisms gain entry to the teats?

A

Through the streak canal, then progress upwards to the lactigerous sinus, collecting ducts and alveoli

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5
Q

What are the different types of mastitis?

A
  1. Sub-clinical
  2. Clinical
  3. Per-acute
  4. Acute
  5. Sub-acute
  6. Chronic
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6
Q

What are the predisposing factors for mastitis?

A
  • Stage of lactation - first 2 months post partum
  • Sphincter size - older cows have larger openings
  • Anatomy
  • Immunological status
  • Presence of udder lesions
  • Milking management system (hygiene)
  • Nutrition
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7
Q

What are the differences between acute and chronic cases of mastitis?

A
  • ACUTE - hot, swollen and oedematous
  • CHRONIC - hard, cold and atrophic
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8
Q

SCC in Q class milk

A

<300,000/ml

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9
Q

SCC in 1st class milk

A

<100,000/ml

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10
Q

What is the pH of mastitis milk?

A

Increased pH (>7)

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11
Q

Describe the ranges for California milk test

A

0 - <200,000 - negative, fluid mixes without thickening or slime formation

1 - 300,000 - slight thickening

2 - 900,000 - distinct thickening, with no slime

3 - 2,700,000 - slime formation

4 - 8,000,000 - slime, gel with solid peaks

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12
Q

Whats the difference between treating mastitis in cows and sheep?

A

COW - intramammary preparations

SHEEP - no intramammary preparations available

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13
Q

What intramammary ATB can be used for mastitis?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Erythromycin
  • Oxytetracycline
  • Streptomycin
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14
Q

What parenteral ATB can be used for mastitis?

A

NEVER LONG LASTING

  • Amoxicillin
  • Cefquinome
  • Marbofloxacin
  • Enrofloxacin
  • Tylosin
  • Lincomycin
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15
Q

Why are weakly basic drugs better for mastitis?

A

As they accumulate in the mammary gland - tylosin and lincomycin

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16
Q

What is the MAIN cause of mastitis in cows?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

17
Q

How to Staph aureus transmitted?

A
  • Fomites
  • From infected quarters
  • Milker’s hands and equipment
  • Contaminated bedding
18
Q

What are the forms of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis?

A
  1. Acute/peracute
  2. Gangrenous peracute
  3. Chronic
19
Q

Describe the clinical signs of acute/peracute Staph aureus mastitis

A
  • Fever
  • Swollen hot painful quarters
  • Purulent secretion with clots and flakes
20
Q

Describe the clinical signs for gangrenous mastitis caused by Staph aureus

A
  • Swollen, hot and painful quarters
  • Progreses to cold
  • Crepitation
  • Blue/black colour
  • Severe systemic signs - tachycardia, fever, depression, inappetence
21
Q

Describe the clinical signs for chronic mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Slow development
  • Fibrosis
  • Atrophy
  • Occasional milk clots
22
Q

What Streptococcal agents can cause contagious mastitis?

A
  1. Streptococcus agalactiae
  2. Streptococcus dysgalactiae
23
Q

Which Mycoplasma species cause mastitis in ruminants?

A
  • Mycoplasma bovis - COW
  • Mycoplasma agalactiae/mycoides - SHEEP and GOATS
24
Q

Describe the clinical signs of mastitis caused by mycoplasma

A
  • Decreased milk yield
  • Udder oedema
  • Supramammary lymph node enlargement
  • Mild fever and anorexia
  • Secretions progress from fine, then grainy or flaky, then cheesy
  • Arthritis and pneumonia
25
Q

Which Streptococcal spp. are found in the environment?

A

Streptococcus uberis

26
Q

When do cows suffer from environmental streptoccocal mastitis?

A

Usually during the dry period, in the winter months

27
Q

How effective is treatment of environmental streptococcal mastitis?

A

90% - using intramammary penicillin

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Trueperella mastitis?

A

PERACUTE DISEASE WITH HIGH MORTALITY

  • Severe systemic reaction
  • Fever
  • Tachcyardia
  • Anorexia, depression, weakness
  • Abortion
  • Hard, swollen, painful udder
  • Purulent and foul smelling secretion
  • Abscess in udder with sloughing
29
Q

What is the prognosis of Trueperella mastitis?

A

POOR! Even with treatment

30
Q

Which coliforms can cause environmental mastitis?

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Klebsiella
  3. Enterobacter
  4. Pasteurella
  5. Pseudomonas
31
Q

When is coliform mastitis typically seen?

A

During early lactation

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of coliform mastitis?

A

PERACUTE/ACUTE

  • Warm swollen quarter
  • Serum/watery secretion
  • Fever
  • Endotoxaemia
  • Anorexia
  • Septicaemia
  • Death
33
Q

How do we treat coliform mastitis?

A
  • Systemic and local ATB
  • Fluids
  • NSAIDs
  • 300ml 5% betadine
  • Milk every 2 hours to prevent build up of endotoxins
34
Q

What fungi can cause mastitis?

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
35
Q

What conditions are good for fungal growth?

A

Moisture and warmth

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of fungal mastitis?

A

ACUTE

  • Udder inflammation
  • Swelling of affected quarters
  • Enlarged supramammary lymph nodes
  • Significant drop in milk production
  • Viscous, white-grey, mucoid secretions
37
Q

How to treat fungal mastitis?

A
  • DISCONTINUE USE OF ATB
  • Strip affected quarters 4 x daily
38
Q

List some other causes of mastitis

A
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Mycobacterium bovis
  • Pasteurella haemolyticum

ruminant medicine (12 decks)

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