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Clinical Chem II spring > Trace elements/toxins > Flashcards

Trace elements/toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Essential elements definition

trace elements

ultratrace elements

often have?

A

if a deficient impares a biochem process and replacement of the element corrects the impairemtn

trace elements: needed in mg
ultra trace: ug

often have cofactors

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2
Q

Non essential
trace elements….

A

trace elements are of interest becasuee many are toxic

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3
Q

Instruments/methods
attention to?
prevent?
tube tops?

A

attention to detail, measures to prevent contam

royal blue tubes

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4
Q

Atomic emission spectroscopy
quant of elem by measuring intensity….

A

quant of elem by measuring intensity of radiation from aerosolized samples

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5
Q

Atomic absoprtion spectro
or….fa…gp

A

determ of elem quantity through absorpt of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase

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6
Q

AAS
what type of light source?
lamps?
elements?
most common??
what measures liquid and solid samples?

A

HCL light source
EDL lamps
copper/iron/zinc

flame most common

GFAAS measures liquid and solid samples

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7
Q

Interference
spect…

A

spectroscopic/non

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8
Q

Elemental speciation
toxicity…

A

toxicity of elements depends on form, hyphenated

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9
Q

Alt techniques
A/AD/I/G

A

ASV,ADSV,IC,Gas chrom

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10
Q

Aluminum
most abund
color
excreted by?

conduct….

interferes with?
causes?

routes?

A

most abund metal in earths crust
silver white
95% excret by urine

heat/electrical conduction

interferes with enzymes
anemia bone disease and dementia

Ingestion, inhalation, parental absorption

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11
Q

Arsenic
forms?
found in?

largest source of exposure?

low doses?
most common?
toxic forms?

A

metallic/non metallic
pesticides, manufacturures

largest source of exposure is foods

fatal at low doses
most common posion in hxt

INORGANIC/METHYLATED IS TOXIC

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12
Q

Cadmium
soft….
locations?
mode of aquosition?
higher in?
no role?

A

soft blue white metal

industry/soil/rice

ingestion/inhalation

higher in females and smokers

no role in human physiology

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13
Q

Chromium
st
aquizition?
CR3+
CR6+
causes?
bound?

A

stainless steel
ingest/inhalation/adsorpt dermals

CR3+ insulin action
CR6+ oxidizing agent

transport bound to albumin and transferrin

lung irritation/dermatitis

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14
Q

Copper
m
h/e

important….critical for

excreted in bile how much %

important for

what disease? causes

A

malluble
heat/electrical conduction

important cofactor and critical for reduction of iron in heme synth
exc in bile 98%

import for metalloenzymes

WILSONS DISEASE (increase urine iron)

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15
Q

Iron
fe+3 must…
important for…

de/o
bound?

iron def %

A

FE+3 must be reduced to be reabsorbed
imporant for hgb/mgb/enzymes

deficiencies/overloads
transport bound to proteins ferritin

iron de 15% population world wide

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16
Q

Serum iron

Transferrin

Percent sat

Ferritiin

A

S: fe+3 iron bound, early morning sample

Transferrin: Iron transport protein UIBC

P: serum iron to UIBC

F: iron storage, most sensitive/reliable

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17
Q

Lead
mall….white duc
found in

primary route

no …

high absorbance in. ….and

A

malluble blue/white ductile
gas/paint

primary injestion/inhalation

no human role

high absorbance in children

highest abs in bone

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18
Q

Maganese
production of
route?
found in?

important for?

deficiency?
toxicity?

A

production of steel
ingestion
fat and bone

import for metalloenzymes/enzyme activiation

deficiency: Clot issues
Toxcicity: crying/laughing mania

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19
Q

Mercury
also called?
Hg…..(3)

most common route?

toxicity where? damages?

A

quicksilver, liquid at rt
Hg0, HgH, Hg2+

inhalation most common

CNS/PNS toxicity, damages organs before sympt occur

20
Q

molybdenum
abs by….
bound to…

main excretion?
important?
rare?

A

abs by ingestion
bound to A2-macro

main urinary excretion

important cofactor
deficiency/toxicity rare

21
Q

Selenium
found in? e/d
a/ts

card…C

A

electronics dandruff

antioxidant and thyroid synth

cardimyopathy CNS

22
Q

Zinc
blue white listrous….
air exposure?

most common route?

located in?
excreted?

what enzyme activity?
def causes?

A

blue white listrous covered in white with air exposure

ingestion most common

muscle and bones
fecal excretion

enzyme activity DNA/RNA

def causes growth inhibition/testicular atrophy

23
Q

Vitamin deficiency

A

causes by poor diet or competeing organisms like parasites

24
Q

Vitamin insuficiency
increased metabolism…..

A

increased metabolism mandates intake/absorption of greater than normal levels

25
Q

Vitamin toxicity
caused by?
damages?

A

abnormaly high intake hepatic and kindey damage

26
Q

Thiamine

A

B1 beriberi

27
Q

Riboflavin

A

B2 magenta tongue

28
Q

Niacin

A

B3 red tongue

29
Q

B5

A

pano… not seen

30
Q

Biotin

A

B7

31
Q

B12

cy

A

Cyano…

32
Q

Folate:

Vit C

Vit A

Vit D

Vit E

Vit K

p, s,r,r,rbc,c

A

F: prenatal

C: scurvy

A: retinol

D: ricketts

E: rbc bruise

K: brusing/coag

33
Q

Solubility of

Vit A

Vit D

Vit E

Vit K

A

A: Vit C

D: Vit B1

E: B3

K: B4

34
Q

How are vitamins studied

A

easily with hydrophobicity

35
Q

Fat soluble vitamins
dissolved in
requires
what breaks it down
examples?

increased toxicity with?

A

dissolve in fats
requires bile acid
lipase breaks it down
LDL VIT D

Storage = increased toxicity

36
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

dissolv in water
not stored in body
re-supply needed
less toxic except renal

37
Q

Vitamin metabolism
location
what about large intestine?

A

small intestines

B12/K metabolism in the large intestines

38
Q

Folate

A

most common vitamin def
megaloblastic anemia
neural tube defect/artheroscleorosis

39
Q

Vit B12
aborption based on
anemia?
transported by?

A

absopt based on intrinsic factor
megaloblastic anemia

transcolobalamin transports

40
Q

Vit D
found in?

locations?

inactive form is in?

what does the active form need?

A

UVB and foods

parathyroid/bone/renal

from diet/skin = inactive form

Active form needs kidney

41
Q

Macronutrient deficiencies
marasmus
kwashikor

negative outcomes?

A

Marasmus: starvation

Kwashikor: decreased protein

negative outcomes: increased mortality
impared healing
infections

42
Q

Nutritional status determination

A

pt hxt, eval of symtoms

43
Q

Antheropomorphic measurment

A

height/weight, skin thickness, body fat…etc

44
Q

Most useful nutritional status testing
selected….
t
p (t)
R-V
a
A

A

Selected protein markers
Transferrin
pre-alb (T4)
RBP - vit A transport
Alb
AA

45
Q

What is used in conjugation with acute phase reactants like CRP
p
CRP normal with low Transcolobalamin =?

A

Plasma markers

CRP normal with low transco = protein malnutrition

46
Q

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

A

Anorexia treatment, forced enteral nutrition

can lead to electrolyte imbalance/acid based imbalance

Clinical Chem II spring (16 decks)

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