Trace elements/toxins Flashcards
Essential elements definition
trace elements
ultratrace elements
often have?
if a deficient impares a biochem process and replacement of the element corrects the impairemtn
trace elements: needed in mg
ultra trace: ug
often have cofactors
Non essential
trace elements….
trace elements are of interest becasuee many are toxic
Instruments/methods
attention to?
prevent?
tube tops?
attention to detail, measures to prevent contam
royal blue tubes
Atomic emission spectroscopy
quant of elem by measuring intensity….
quant of elem by measuring intensity of radiation from aerosolized samples
Atomic absoprtion spectro
or….fa…gp
determ of elem quantity through absorpt of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase
AAS
what type of light source?
lamps?
elements?
most common??
what measures liquid and solid samples?
HCL light source
EDL lamps
copper/iron/zinc
flame most common
GFAAS measures liquid and solid samples
Interference
spect…
spectroscopic/non
Elemental speciation
toxicity…
toxicity of elements depends on form, hyphenated
Alt techniques
A/AD/I/G
ASV,ADSV,IC,Gas chrom
Aluminum
most abund
color
excreted by?
conduct….
interferes with?
causes?
routes?
most abund metal in earths crust
silver white
95% excret by urine
heat/electrical conduction
interferes with enzymes
anemia bone disease and dementia
Ingestion, inhalation, parental absorption
Arsenic
forms?
found in?
largest source of exposure?
low doses?
most common?
toxic forms?
metallic/non metallic
pesticides, manufacturures
largest source of exposure is foods
fatal at low doses
most common posion in hxt
INORGANIC/METHYLATED IS TOXIC
Cadmium
soft….
locations?
mode of aquosition?
higher in?
no role?
soft blue white metal
industry/soil/rice
ingestion/inhalation
higher in females and smokers
no role in human physiology
Chromium
st
aquizition?
CR3+
CR6+
causes?
bound?
stainless steel
ingest/inhalation/adsorpt dermals
CR3+ insulin action
CR6+ oxidizing agent
transport bound to albumin and transferrin
lung irritation/dermatitis
Copper
m
h/e
important….critical for
excreted in bile how much %
important for
what disease? causes
malluble
heat/electrical conduction
important cofactor and critical for reduction of iron in heme synth
exc in bile 98%
import for metalloenzymes
WILSONS DISEASE (increase urine iron)
Iron
fe+3 must…
important for…
de/o
bound?
iron def %
FE+3 must be reduced to be reabsorbed
imporant for hgb/mgb/enzymes
deficiencies/overloads
transport bound to proteins ferritin
iron de 15% population world wide
Serum iron
Transferrin
Percent sat
Ferritiin
S: fe+3 iron bound, early morning sample
Transferrin: Iron transport protein UIBC
P: serum iron to UIBC
F: iron storage, most sensitive/reliable
Lead
mall….white duc
found in
primary route
no …
high absorbance in. ….and
malluble blue/white ductile
gas/paint
primary injestion/inhalation
no human role
high absorbance in children
highest abs in bone
Maganese
production of
route?
found in?
important for?
deficiency?
toxicity?
production of steel
ingestion
fat and bone
import for metalloenzymes/enzyme activiation
deficiency: Clot issues
Toxcicity: crying/laughing mania
Mercury
also called?
Hg…..(3)
most common route?
toxicity where? damages?
quicksilver, liquid at rt
Hg0, HgH, Hg2+
inhalation most common
CNS/PNS toxicity, damages organs before sympt occur
molybdenum
abs by….
bound to…
main excretion?
important?
rare?
abs by ingestion
bound to A2-macro
main urinary excretion
important cofactor
deficiency/toxicity rare
Selenium
found in? e/d
a/ts
card…C
electronics dandruff
antioxidant and thyroid synth
cardimyopathy CNS
Zinc
blue white listrous….
air exposure?
most common route?
located in?
excreted?
what enzyme activity?
def causes?
blue white listrous covered in white with air exposure
ingestion most common
muscle and bones
fecal excretion
enzyme activity DNA/RNA
def causes growth inhibition/testicular atrophy
Vitamin deficiency
causes by poor diet or competeing organisms like parasites
Vitamin insuficiency
increased metabolism…..
increased metabolism mandates intake/absorption of greater than normal levels
Vitamin toxicity
caused by?
damages?
abnormaly high intake hepatic and kindey damage
Thiamine
B1 beriberi
Riboflavin
B2 magenta tongue
Niacin
B3 red tongue
B5
pano… not seen
Biotin
B7
B12
cy
Cyano…
Folate:
Vit C
Vit A
Vit D
Vit E
Vit K
p, s,r,r,rbc,c
F: prenatal
C: scurvy
A: retinol
D: ricketts
E: rbc bruise
K: brusing/coag
Solubility of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit E
Vit K
A: Vit C
D: Vit B1
E: B3
K: B4
How are vitamins studied
easily with hydrophobicity
Fat soluble vitamins
dissolved in
requires
what breaks it down
examples?
increased toxicity with?
dissolve in fats
requires bile acid
lipase breaks it down
LDL VIT D
Storage = increased toxicity
Water soluble vitamins
dissolv in water
not stored in body
re-supply needed
less toxic except renal
Vitamin metabolism
location
what about large intestine?
small intestines
B12/K metabolism in the large intestines
Folate
most common vitamin def
megaloblastic anemia
neural tube defect/artheroscleorosis
Vit B12
aborption based on
anemia?
transported by?
absopt based on intrinsic factor
megaloblastic anemia
transcolobalamin transports
Vit D
found in?
locations?
inactive form is in?
what does the active form need?
UVB and foods
parathyroid/bone/renal
from diet/skin = inactive form
Active form needs kidney
Macronutrient deficiencies
marasmus
kwashikor
negative outcomes?
Marasmus: starvation
Kwashikor: decreased protein
negative outcomes: increased mortality
impared healing
infections
Nutritional status determination
pt hxt, eval of symtoms
Antheropomorphic measurment
height/weight, skin thickness, body fat…etc
Most useful nutritional status testing
selected….
t
p (t)
R-V
a
A
Selected protein markers
Transferrin
pre-alb (T4)
RBP - vit A transport
Alb
AA
What is used in conjugation with acute phase reactants like CRP
p
CRP normal with low Transcolobalamin =?
Plasma markers
CRP normal with low transco = protein malnutrition
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Anorexia treatment, forced enteral nutrition
can lead to electrolyte imbalance/acid based imbalance
