Adrenal Glands (Lect 2) Flashcards
Where are the adrenal glands
located on each kidney
Describe the adrenal cortex briefly
produces?
portion
layers?
produces steroid hormones
outer portion
3 layers
Describe the adrenal medulla briefly
produces amine hormones
inner portion
Describe the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex briefly
g
f
r
Glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Reticularis - secretes sex hormones (androgens)
What do mineralcorticoids do?
regulate Na and salt balance
What do glucocorticoids do?
assist carbohydrate metabolism
what do androgens do?
required for sex function, contribute less than gonads
Describe Aldosterone
produced in…
controls…
retention of
excretes
production controlled by?
produced in G-Zone, controls fluid amount in the body
Retention of Na/Cl/H2O
excretes K/H
production controlled by renin-angiotensin of the kidney
What is the function of aldosterone
increases
supresses?
increase salt and water conservation via vasoconstriction, increase BP, Na, BV which suppresses renin and synthesis of aldosterone
T/F blood levels are lower in the morning with aldosterone
false
Describe hyperaldosteronism
primary?
secondary?
primary adrenal disease - Conn syndrome
Secondary renin angiotensin disorder/malign hypertension
What is conns syndrome
benign tumor, increased fluid = loss of Na and water
Describe hypoaldosteronism
atrophy ?
dec prod of?
congentital enzyme def?
physical sympt?
atrophy of adrenal glands
Addisons disease
depressed prod of aldosterone/glucocorticoids
congenital def of 21-H enzyme
facial hair weakness, bronze skin
Describe Cortisol
anti____ increases
increased
diurnial variation for?
physicologic effects
Anti-insulin effect on carbs - increase glucose
increase glucneogen/lipolysis
diurnal variation for cortisol and ACTH
T/F low levels of cortisol = ACTH release
true
Describe hypercortisol
primary: hint C
secondary:
Cushing syndrome primary
secondary cushing disease (ACTH excess/adenoma)
Describe cushing syndrome
what test?
moon face
increase serum cortisol
buffalo hump/thin skin
12-24hr urine cortisol:creatinine ratio
Describe hypocostrisol
1.: atrophy of
2.what hypofunction?
Primary: atrophy of adrenal gland
2: pituitary hypofunction
Describe the adrenal medulla briefly
inner portion ….synth from. ….
horomones included?
inner portion/catecholamines synth from tyrosine
EPINEPHIRNE
NOEPINEPHRINE
DOPAMINE
Describe roll of Epinephrine
what is transformed to what
volun muscles
released in response to
pathway?
glycogen to glucose
voluntary muscles have greater work
released in response to low BP/hypoxia
GOES TO METNE TO VANILLYMAN ACID
Describe the roll of noepinephrine
neurotransmitter affecting smooth muscle/heart relased by post ganglionic nerves
GOES TO NORMET AND THEN VANILLYMAN ACID
Describe the roll of dopamine
neurotrans affecting
pathway?
neurotransmitter in brain affecting vascular system
GOES TO HOMOVANILLIC ACID
Describe Pheochromocytoma briefly
testing?
adrenal medulla tumor
increased epine/noepine
fluormetric/colormet/spectro for VMA
Describe neuroblastoma briefly
testing?
malign tumor of medulla occurs in children
epine/noepi/dopamine leads to HVA/VMA in urine
HPLC gas chrom/spec
Describe Adrenal incidentaloma
adrenal mass >1cm discovered onimaging to eval non adrenal pathology
Describe Gonad function briefly
testes
what kind of feedback
inc test =?
Testes: anterior pituitary secretes LF/FSH and is controlled by GnRH
Negative feedback to hypothalamus increased testosterone = NO LH/FSH
Describe Testosterone
primary in
2nd in p/h
principle
also secreted by
promotes
primary in testes
secondary in pit/hypo
principle male sex hormone
also sec by adrenal/ovaries
promotes development and maintains male reproductive system
Describe hyperandrogemia in different age groups
adult males no sympt
prepub: preicoious puberty
Females: development of male sex characteristics/virilization occurs
Describe Hypoandrogemia
adult males:
prepub:
primary
secondary:
adult males: impotence loss of sex characteristics
prepub: delayed puberity
Primary tumors
Secondary: decreased LH/FSH
Describe Kilnefeiter syndrome
XXY
smaller testicles
narrow shoulders
Briefly describe the ovaries
What kind of feedback?
hormones?
anterior pituitary sec LH/FSH under control of GnRH
negative feedback to hypoth/pituitary
estrogen/progesterone exert feedback to control LH/FSH
Describe Estrogen
sec by
lesser sec by
primary three?
sec by ovaries/placenta during preg
sec by lesser extend in adrenal and testes
Three primary:
Estradiol 17B
Estrone (principle sec by ovaries)
Estradiol
Describe Progesterone
sec by ?
sec by ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
ovulation/placenta during pregnancy
What does estrogen do
promotes development and maintains female reproductive system and female sex characteristics
What does progesterone do
corpus letum following ovulation in pregnancy sec by placenta to maintain uterus
What are the menstration phases
begining half increased estrogen FSH
Follicular phase
ending Leuteal phase
regularly 28 day
Describe hyperestrinism
Prepub:
menses?
post menopause?
in males?
prepub: ovarian tumor
infertility and irreg menses
post menopause bleeding
in males: testicular atrophy and breasts
Describe Hypoestrinism
what type of insufficiecy
delays
what type of menopause
ovarian insufficient
delayed puberty
amenorrhea menopause
Describe Hyperprogesteronemia
Hypoprogesteronemia
hyper: prevents menstration
Hypo: infertility abortion of fetus
Describe Tuner syndrome
loss of what?
non functional?
partial/complete loss of X chromosome
non functional ovaries and exogenous estrogen
Describe polycystic ovary syndrome
what happens?
what results? (hint H)
infertility and hisutism - abn hair growth and androgens
Describe key facts regarding Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
what enzyme def
increases?
decreases?
CAH = 21- hydrolaze
prevents cortisol production
increases 17-OHP and ACTH
decreases cotrisol
