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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Trace Elements > Flashcards

Trace Elements Flashcards

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1
Q

classification of trace elements if required for biochemical or functional processes

A

essential

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2
Q

classification of trace elements that may be toxic at excess levels

A

non-essential

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3
Q

essential trace elements are associated with?

A

enzymes (metalloenzymes) and proteins (metalloproteins)

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4
Q

trace elements found in the blood are measured in

A

mg/L (ppm)

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5
Q

ultratrace elements found in the blood are measured in

A

ug/L (ppb)

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6
Q

essential trace elements

A

iron, copper, zinc

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7
Q

non-essential/ultratrace elements

A

chromium, cobalt, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, mercury, lead, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium

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8
Q

1st trace element in terms of importance

A

iron

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9
Q

2nd trace element in terms of importance

A

zinc

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10
Q

common metallic element important in synthesis of hemoglobin

A

iron

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11
Q

agent in redox and electron transfer reactions

A

iron

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12
Q

total body iron

A

3-5g

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13
Q

total body iron is composed of (4)

A

hemoglobin (2-2.5g), myoglobin (130mg), enzymes (8mg), plasma (3-5mg)

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14
Q

plasma iron (3)

A

transferrin, albumin, free hemoglobin

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15
Q

storage form of iron

A

ferritin

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16
Q

total iron in serum

A

transferrin

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17
Q

enzymes that reduces ferric to ferrous iron

A

vitamin c or ferric reductase

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18
Q

what are the hematologic tests used for the lab evaluation of iron

A

packed cell volume, hemoglobin, rbc count and indices

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19
Q

anticoagulants that interferes with iron measurement as it may bind to iron

A

EDTA, oxalate, citrate

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20
Q

what is the preferred time of collection for iron evaluation

A

early morning

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21
Q

specimens for iron are

A

serum and heparinized plasma

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22
Q

decreased iron is seen in

A

IDA, malnutrition, malignancy, chronic infection, nephrotic syndrome

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23
Q

increased iron is seen in

A

primary hemachromatosis, sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver disease

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24
Q

laboratory evaluation of iron aside from hematologic tests

A

total iron (serum iron), total iron binding capacity, percent saturation, transferrin, ferritin

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25
Q

2 methods of total iron (serum iron) determination

A

colorimetric method (HCl and ferrozine) and anodic stippling voltammetry

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26
Q

2 colorimetric method of iron

A

hydrochloric acid and ferrozine

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27
Q

amount of iron that can saturate transferrin

A

total iron binding capacity

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28
Q

transferrin saturation ; ratio of serum iron to TIBC

A

percent saturation

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29
Q

iron transport protein

A

transferrin

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30
Q

transferrin without iron

A

apotransferrin

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31
Q

storage form of iron ; rough estimate of body iron content

A

ferritin

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32
Q

critical for the reduction of iron in heme synthesis

A

copper

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33
Q

readily absorbed by the body but presence of zinc can decrease its intestinal absorption

A

coppper

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34
Q

for copper overdose, what is the antidote?

A

penicillamine

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35
Q

copper-binding protein

A

ceruloplasmin

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36
Q

copper is decreased in?

A

Menkes disease

37
Q

copper is increased in?

A

Wilson’s disease

38
Q

fatal, progressive brain disease characterized by having peculiar hair (kinky/stealy hair) and growth retardation

A

Menkes disease

39
Q

people who shows zinc deficiency

A

vegetarians

40
Q

used for treatment for Wilson’s disease

A

zinc

41
Q

absorption of zinc is in the?

A

jejunum

42
Q

comes from the word chroma meaning color (this makes rubies red and emeralds green)

A

chromium

43
Q

what are the valency states of chromium

A

trivalent and hexavalent

44
Q

valency state of chromium that maintains glucose, fat, and cholesterol metabolism

A

trivalent

45
Q

valency state of chromium that is a toxic agent because it is a respiratory tract irritant and can induce cell death

A

hexavalent

46
Q

integral part of vitamin B12

A

cobalt

47
Q

cobalt is increased in?

A

hypoxia

48
Q

trace elements that if increased, can cause high rbc count

A

cobalt

49
Q

most widely used pharmacologically beneficial trace elements

A

fluoride

50
Q

fluoride is exchanged for hydroxyl in _____ which is the main component of skeletal bone and teeth

A

apatite

51
Q

fluoride is increased in this condition

A

dental fluorosis

52
Q

mottling (brown spots in teeth) of enamel in the erupting teeth of children

A

dental fluorosis

53
Q

constituent of metalloenzymes and an enzyme activator ; HIGHEST LEVELS IN FAT AND BONES ; normal component of tissues

A

manganese

54
Q

if measuring serum manganese, sample must be collected using?

A

plastic canulae

55
Q

manganese madness

A

locura manganica

56
Q

acute manganese aerosol intoxication

A

locura manganica or manganese madness

57
Q

trace element that is included in three enzymes (xantine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase)

A

molybdenum

58
Q

molybdenum active sites binds?

A

molybdopterin

59
Q

in blood, molybdenum is bound to?

A

a-macroglobulin and rbc membrane

60
Q

trace element that can cross the placenta

A

molybdenum

61
Q

in 1930s it is a toxic element, 1940s a carcinogen, 1950s an essential element, and 1960s-1970s an anticarcinogen

A

selenium

62
Q

biologically active form of selenium in the body ; component of numerous biological proteins

A

selenocysteine

63
Q

carcinogenic form of selenium

A

selenium sulfide

64
Q

endemic cardiomyopathy ; common among children and woman of child bearing age

A

Keshan disease

65
Q

endemic osteoarthritis ; common among adolescence

A

Kashin-beck disease

66
Q

aka as Quick silver because it is liquid in room temp.

A

mercury

67
Q

what are the oxidation states of mercury

A

Hg(0), Hg(+1), Hg(+2)

68
Q

what are the routes of exposure with mercury

A

inhalation, ingestion, cutaneous, injection, dental almagams

69
Q

storage organ of mercury

A

kidney

70
Q

soft, bluish white, highly malleable, and ductile metal

A

lead

71
Q

may interfere with heme synthesis

A

lead

72
Q

if these trace elements interferes with heme synthesis, it would result to?

A

basophilic stippling and cabot rings

73
Q

blue-berry bagel appearance of rbc

A

basophilic stippling

74
Q

method for lab analysis of lead

A

blood lead level

75
Q

most abundant metal in earth’s crust

A

aluminum

76
Q

trace element that is always combined with other elements

A

aluminum

77
Q

aluminum is always combined with other elements such as

A

oxygen, silicon, fluorine

78
Q

excreted through urine and bile

A

aluminum

79
Q

aluminum is increased in?

A

encelopathy, osteomalacia, aplastic bone disease, myopathy, microcytic anemia

80
Q

shows garlic odor breath (toxic poisoning

A

arsenic

81
Q

largest source of arsenic exposure

A

food

82
Q

used as terrorist agent ; one of the most common poisons in human history, treatment for ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

A

arsenic trioxide

83
Q

toxic dose of arsenic

A

0.01-0.05g

84
Q

lethal dose of arsenic

A

0.12-1.3g

85
Q

antidotes for arsenic poisoning

A

dimercaprol, penicillamine, succimer

86
Q

british anti-lewisite

A

dimercaprol

87
Q

preferred sample for arsenic determination

A

urine

88
Q

most absorbed cadmium are found in the?

A

RBC (70%)

89
Q

absorption of cadmium

A

respiratory (10-15%) and gastrointestinal (5%)

Clinical Chemistry 2 (3 decks)

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