Trace Elements

Question 1

classification of trace elements if required for biochemical or functional processes

Answer 1

essential

Question 2

classification of trace elements that may be toxic at excess levels

Answer 2

non-essential

Question 3

essential trace elements are associated with?

Answer 3

enzymes (metalloenzymes) and proteins (metalloproteins)

Question 4

trace elements found in the blood are measured in

Answer 4

mg/L (ppm)

Question 5

ultratrace elements found in the blood are measured in

Answer 5

ug/L (ppb)

Question 6

essential trace elements

Answer 6

iron, copper, zinc

Question 7

non-essential/ultratrace elements

Answer 7

chromium, cobalt, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, mercury, lead, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium

Question 8

1st trace element in terms of importance

Answer 8

iron

Question 9

2nd trace element in terms of importance

Answer 9

zinc

Question 10

common metallic element important in synthesis of hemoglobin

Answer 10

iron

Question 11

agent in redox and electron transfer reactions

Answer 11

iron

Question 12

total body iron

Answer 12

3-5g

Question 13

total body iron is composed of (4)

Answer 13

hemoglobin (2-2.5g), myoglobin (130mg), enzymes (8mg), plasma (3-5mg)

Question 14

plasma iron (3)

Answer 14

transferrin, albumin, free hemoglobin

Question 15

storage form of iron

Answer 15

ferritin

Question 16

total iron in serum

Answer 16

transferrin

Question 17

enzymes that reduces ferric to ferrous iron

Answer 17

vitamin c or ferric reductase

Question 18

what are the hematologic tests used for the lab evaluation of iron

Answer 18

packed cell volume, hemoglobin, rbc count and indices

Question 19

anticoagulants that interferes with iron measurement as it may bind to iron

Answer 19

EDTA, oxalate, citrate

Question 20

what is the preferred time of collection for iron evaluation

Answer 20

early morning

Question 21

specimens for iron are

Answer 21

serum and heparinized plasma

Question 22

decreased iron is seen in

Answer 22

IDA, malnutrition, malignancy, chronic infection, nephrotic syndrome

Question 23

increased iron is seen in

Answer 23

primary hemachromatosis, sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver disease

Question 24

laboratory evaluation of iron aside from hematologic tests

Answer 24

total iron (serum iron), total iron binding capacity, percent saturation, transferrin, ferritin

Question 25

2 methods of total iron (serum iron) determination

Answer 25

colorimetric method (HCl and ferrozine) and anodic stippling voltammetry

Question 26

2 colorimetric method of iron

Answer 26

hydrochloric acid and ferrozine

Question 27

amount of iron that can saturate transferrin

Answer 27

total iron binding capacity

Question 28

transferrin saturation ; ratio of serum iron to TIBC

Answer 28

percent saturation

Question 29

iron transport protein

Answer 29

transferrin

Question 30

transferrin without iron

Answer 30

apotransferrin

Question 31

storage form of iron ; rough estimate of body iron content

Answer 31

ferritin

Question 32

critical for the reduction of iron in heme synthesis

Answer 32

copper

Question 33

readily absorbed by the body but presence of zinc can decrease its intestinal absorption

Answer 33

coppper

Question 34

for copper overdose, what is the antidote?

Answer 34

penicillamine

Question 35

copper-binding protein

Answer 35

ceruloplasmin

Question 36

copper is decreased in?

Answer 36

Menkes disease

Question 37

copper is increased in?

Answer 37

Wilson's disease

Question 38

fatal, progressive brain disease characterized by having peculiar hair (kinky/stealy hair) and growth retardation

Answer 38

Menkes disease

Question 39

people who shows zinc deficiency

Answer 39

vegetarians

Question 40

used for treatment for Wilson's disease

Answer 40

zinc

Question 41

absorption of zinc is in the?

Answer 41

jejunum

Question 42

comes from the word chroma meaning color (this makes rubies red and emeralds green)

Answer 42

chromium

Question 43

what are the valency states of chromium

Answer 43

trivalent and hexavalent

Question 44

valency state of chromium that maintains glucose, fat, and cholesterol metabolism

Answer 44

trivalent

Question 45

valency state of chromium that is a toxic agent because it is a respiratory tract irritant and can induce cell death

Answer 45

hexavalent

Question 46

integral part of vitamin B12

Answer 46

cobalt

Question 47

cobalt is increased in?

Answer 47

hypoxia

Question 48

trace elements that if increased, can cause high rbc count

Answer 48

cobalt

Question 49

most widely used pharmacologically beneficial trace elements

Answer 49

fluoride

Question 50

fluoride is exchanged for hydroxyl in _____ which is the main component of skeletal bone and teeth

Answer 50

apatite

Question 51

fluoride is increased in this condition

Answer 51

dental fluorosis

Question 52

mottling (brown spots in teeth) of enamel in the erupting teeth of children

Answer 52

dental fluorosis

Question 53

constituent of metalloenzymes and an enzyme activator ; HIGHEST LEVELS IN FAT AND BONES ; normal component of tissues

Answer 53

manganese

Question 54

if measuring serum manganese, sample must be collected using?

Answer 54

plastic canulae

Question 55

manganese madness

Answer 55

locura manganica

Question 56

acute manganese aerosol intoxication

Answer 56

locura manganica or manganese madness

Question 57

trace element that is included in three enzymes (xantine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase)

Answer 57

molybdenum

Question 58

molybdenum active sites binds?

Answer 58

molybdopterin

Question 59

in blood, molybdenum is bound to?

Answer 59

a-macroglobulin and rbc membrane

Question 60

trace element that can cross the placenta

Answer 60

molybdenum

Question 61

in 1930s it is a toxic element, 1940s a carcinogen, 1950s an essential element, and 1960s-1970s an anticarcinogen

Answer 61

selenium

Question 62

biologically active form of selenium in the body ; component of numerous biological proteins

Answer 62

selenocysteine

Question 63

carcinogenic form of selenium

Answer 63

selenium sulfide

Question 64

endemic cardiomyopathy ; common among children and woman of child bearing age

Answer 64

Keshan disease

Question 65

endemic osteoarthritis ; common among adolescence

Answer 65

Kashin-beck disease

Question 66

aka as Quick silver because it is liquid in room temp.

Answer 66

mercury

Question 67

what are the oxidation states of mercury

Answer 67

Hg(0), Hg(+1), Hg(+2)

Question 68

what are the routes of exposure with mercury

Answer 68

inhalation, ingestion, cutaneous, injection, dental almagams

Question 69

storage organ of mercury

Answer 69

kidney

Question 70

soft, bluish white, highly malleable, and ductile metal

Answer 70

lead

Question 71

may interfere with heme synthesis

Answer 71

lead

Question 72

if these trace elements interferes with heme synthesis, it would result to?

Answer 72

basophilic stippling and cabot rings

Question 73

blue-berry bagel appearance of rbc

Answer 73

basophilic stippling

Question 74

method for lab analysis of lead

Answer 74

blood lead level

Question 75

most abundant metal in earth's crust

Answer 75

aluminum

Question 76

trace element that is always combined with other elements

Answer 76

aluminum

Question 77

aluminum is always combined with other elements such as

Answer 77

oxygen, silicon, fluorine

Question 78

excreted through urine and bile

Answer 78

aluminum

Question 79

aluminum is increased in?

Answer 79

encelopathy, osteomalacia, aplastic bone disease, myopathy, microcytic anemia

Question 80

shows garlic odor breath (toxic poisoning

Answer 80

arsenic

Question 81

largest source of arsenic exposure

Answer 81

food

Question 82

used as terrorist agent ; one of the most common poisons in human history, treatment for ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

Answer 82

arsenic trioxide

Question 83

toxic dose of arsenic

Answer 83

0.01-0.05g

Question 84

lethal dose of arsenic

Answer 84

0.12-1.3g

Question 85

antidotes for arsenic poisoning

Answer 85

dimercaprol, penicillamine, succimer

Question 86

british anti-lewisite

Answer 86

dimercaprol

Question 87

preferred sample for arsenic determination

Answer 87

urine

Question 88

most absorbed cadmium are found in the?

Answer 88

RBC (70%)

Question 89

absorption of cadmium

Answer 89

respiratory (10-15%) and gastrointestinal (5%)