Trace Elements Flashcards
classification of trace elements if required for biochemical or functional processes
essential
classification of trace elements that may be toxic at excess levels
non-essential
essential trace elements are associated with?
enzymes (metalloenzymes) and proteins (metalloproteins)
trace elements found in the blood are measured in
mg/L (ppm)
ultratrace elements found in the blood are measured in
ug/L (ppb)
essential trace elements
iron, copper, zinc
non-essential/ultratrace elements
chromium, cobalt, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, mercury, lead, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium
1st trace element in terms of importance
iron
2nd trace element in terms of importance
zinc
common metallic element important in synthesis of hemoglobin
iron
agent in redox and electron transfer reactions
iron
total body iron
3-5g
total body iron is composed of (4)
hemoglobin (2-2.5g), myoglobin (130mg), enzymes (8mg), plasma (3-5mg)
plasma iron (3)
transferrin, albumin, free hemoglobin
storage form of iron
ferritin
total iron in serum
transferrin
enzymes that reduces ferric to ferrous iron
vitamin c or ferric reductase
what are the hematologic tests used for the lab evaluation of iron
packed cell volume, hemoglobin, rbc count and indices
anticoagulants that interferes with iron measurement as it may bind to iron
EDTA, oxalate, citrate
what is the preferred time of collection for iron evaluation
early morning
specimens for iron are
serum and heparinized plasma
decreased iron is seen in
IDA, malnutrition, malignancy, chronic infection, nephrotic syndrome
increased iron is seen in
primary hemachromatosis, sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver disease
laboratory evaluation of iron aside from hematologic tests
total iron (serum iron), total iron binding capacity, percent saturation, transferrin, ferritin
2 methods of total iron (serum iron) determination
colorimetric method (HCl and ferrozine) and anodic stippling voltammetry
2 colorimetric method of iron
hydrochloric acid and ferrozine
amount of iron that can saturate transferrin
total iron binding capacity
transferrin saturation ; ratio of serum iron to TIBC
percent saturation
iron transport protein
transferrin
transferrin without iron
apotransferrin
storage form of iron ; rough estimate of body iron content
ferritin
critical for the reduction of iron in heme synthesis
copper
readily absorbed by the body but presence of zinc can decrease its intestinal absorption
coppper
for copper overdose, what is the antidote?
penicillamine
copper-binding protein
ceruloplasmin
copper is decreased in?
Menkes disease
copper is increased in?
Wilson’s disease
fatal, progressive brain disease characterized by having peculiar hair (kinky/stealy hair) and growth retardation
Menkes disease
people who shows zinc deficiency
vegetarians
used for treatment for Wilson’s disease
zinc
absorption of zinc is in the?
jejunum
comes from the word chroma meaning color (this makes rubies red and emeralds green)
chromium
what are the valency states of chromium
trivalent and hexavalent
valency state of chromium that maintains glucose, fat, and cholesterol metabolism
trivalent
valency state of chromium that is a toxic agent because it is a respiratory tract irritant and can induce cell death
hexavalent
integral part of vitamin B12
cobalt
cobalt is increased in?
hypoxia
trace elements that if increased, can cause high rbc count
cobalt
most widely used pharmacologically beneficial trace elements
fluoride
fluoride is exchanged for hydroxyl in _____ which is the main component of skeletal bone and teeth
apatite
fluoride is increased in this condition
dental fluorosis
mottling (brown spots in teeth) of enamel in the erupting teeth of children
dental fluorosis
constituent of metalloenzymes and an enzyme activator ; HIGHEST LEVELS IN FAT AND BONES ; normal component of tissues
manganese
if measuring serum manganese, sample must be collected using?
plastic canulae
manganese madness
locura manganica
acute manganese aerosol intoxication
locura manganica or manganese madness
trace element that is included in three enzymes (xantine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase)
molybdenum
molybdenum active sites binds?
molybdopterin
in blood, molybdenum is bound to?
a-macroglobulin and rbc membrane
trace element that can cross the placenta
molybdenum
in 1930s it is a toxic element, 1940s a carcinogen, 1950s an essential element, and 1960s-1970s an anticarcinogen
selenium
biologically active form of selenium in the body ; component of numerous biological proteins
selenocysteine
carcinogenic form of selenium
selenium sulfide
endemic cardiomyopathy ; common among children and woman of child bearing age
Keshan disease
endemic osteoarthritis ; common among adolescence
Kashin-beck disease
aka as Quick silver because it is liquid in room temp.
mercury
what are the oxidation states of mercury
Hg(0), Hg(+1), Hg(+2)
what are the routes of exposure with mercury
inhalation, ingestion, cutaneous, injection, dental almagams
storage organ of mercury
kidney
soft, bluish white, highly malleable, and ductile metal
lead
may interfere with heme synthesis
lead
if these trace elements interferes with heme synthesis, it would result to?
basophilic stippling and cabot rings
blue-berry bagel appearance of rbc
basophilic stippling
method for lab analysis of lead
blood lead level
most abundant metal in earth’s crust
aluminum
trace element that is always combined with other elements
aluminum
aluminum is always combined with other elements such as
oxygen, silicon, fluorine
excreted through urine and bile
aluminum
aluminum is increased in?
encelopathy, osteomalacia, aplastic bone disease, myopathy, microcytic anemia
shows garlic odor breath (toxic poisoning
arsenic
largest source of arsenic exposure
food
used as terrorist agent ; one of the most common poisons in human history, treatment for ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
arsenic trioxide
toxic dose of arsenic
0.01-0.05g
lethal dose of arsenic
0.12-1.3g
antidotes for arsenic poisoning
dimercaprol, penicillamine, succimer
british anti-lewisite
dimercaprol
preferred sample for arsenic determination
urine
most absorbed cadmium are found in the?
RBC (70%)
absorption of cadmium
respiratory (10-15%) and gastrointestinal (5%)
