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y2 science > [TP] thermal physics > Flashcards

[TP] thermal physics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the kinetic theory of matter?

A

the kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of the three states of matter?

A

difference in shape, volume, ease of flow and compressibility

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3
Q

describe the characteristics of a solid

A
  • fixed shape
  • fixed volume
  • do not flow
  • not compressible
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4
Q

describe the characteristics of a liquid

A
  • do not have fixed shape, they take the shape of their container
  • have a fixed volume
  • flows
  • not compressible
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5
Q

describe the characteristics of a liquid

A
  • do not have fixed shape (takes the shape of their container) and volume
  • flows
  • compressible
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6
Q

what is the attraction between particles in a solid?

A

there are strong forces of attraction between particles in a solid

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7
Q

what is the attraction between particles in a liquid?

A

the force of attraction is weaker than in gas but stronger than in gas

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8
Q

what is the attraction between particles in a gas?

A

the particles in a gas experience very weak forces of attraction

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9
Q

how are particles arranged in a solid?

A

particles in a solid are arranged in a fixed, regular pattern

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10
Q

how are particles arranged in a liquid?

A

particles are slightly further apart than in solid, closer than in gas

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11
Q

how are particles arranged in a gas?

A

particles in a gas have no fixed positions and no regular pattern

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12
Q

how do particles in a solid move?

A

particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions

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13
Q

how do particles in a liquid move?

A

particles in a liquid slide past one another

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14
Q

how do particles in a gas move?

A

particles in a gas move freely and randomly at high speeds, occupying any available space

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15
Q

what happens to matter when it is heated?

A

it gains heat and expands

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16
Q

what happens to matter when it is cooled?

A

it loses heat and contracts

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17
Q

does the mass of matter change when it expands or contracts?

A

no - the mass remains the same

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18
Q

why does matter expand when heated?

A

heating adds thermal energy, causing particles to vibrate more and move apart

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19
Q

why does matter contract when cooled?

A

cooling removes thermal energy, causing particles to vibrate less and move closer together

20
Q

what are some negative effects of thermal expansion?

A

some examples are road cracking on hot days and warping of materials like railway tracks

21
Q

what is heat?

A

heat is the transfer of thermal energy from hot to cold regions

22
Q

what is temperature?

A

temperature is the measure of hotness and coolness

23
Q

what is conduction?

A

conduction is the transfer of thermal energy without the physical movement of the medium and is most effective in solids

24
Q

what is temperature measured in?

A

it is measured in Kelvin(K)

25
Q

what are some other units of temperature?

A

degree fahrenheit and degree celsius

26
Q

how does temperature relate to the average speed of particles in a substance?

A

higher temperature =. higher average speed
lower temperature = lower average speed

27
Q

does the temperature of an object depend on its size or material?

A

no, temperature is independent of size or material

28
Q

how does the size of an object relate to the amount of thermal energy it contains?

A

larger objects contain more thermal energy due to their greater volume

29
Q

what is conduction?

A

conduction is the transfer of thermal energy without the movement of the medium. it can occur in any state of matter.

30
Q

why is conduction most effective in solids?

A

in solids, particles are closely packed, allowing for faster energy transfer through vibrations

31
Q

why are air and water poor conductors of heat?

A

in fluids, particles are spaced further apart, resulting in slower energy transfer through collisions between the particles

32
Q

explain the transfer of thermal energy through conduction

A

particles at the hotter end gain energy, vibrate more vigorously, and transfer kinetic energy to neighbouring particles through collisions

33
Q

what are good conductors of heat, and why

A

materials that allow more heat transfer
this is because they possess free moving electrons that help transmit energy

34
Q

what are poor conductors of heat, and why

A

materials that allow little heat transfer
this is because they lack free-moving electrons and hinder energy transmission

35
Q

what is convection?

A

convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the physical movement of a medium and occur in liquids and gases.

36
Q

how does convection work in a liquid/gas

A

the fluid at the bottom will gain heat and expand, becoming less dense and rises
the cooler denser fluid will sink, creating a convection current that transfers heat

37
Q

why is the cooling unit at the top in a refrigerator?

A

cool air being denser sinks to cool the contents, while warmer air warmed by the contents rises and is cooled by the unit. this creates a convection current

38
Q

what is radiation?

A

radiation is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter body to a cooler body without a medium, and it can pass through a vacuum.

39
Q

what four factors affect the rate of heat transfer by radiation?

A

surface colour, texture, temperature and the material’s ability to absorb or emit radiation

40
Q

what are good absorbers and emitters of radiation?

A

dull black surfaces

41
Q

what are poor absorbers and emitters of radiation?

A

shiny silver surfaces

42
Q

how does surface temperature affect radiation emission?

A

higher surface temperature leads ton a higher rate of emission of radiation

43
Q

how does the surface area of an object affect radiation emission and absorption?

A

objects with larger surface areas emit or absorb more heat per second compared to objects with smaller surface areas

44
Q

what material should be used to keep something warm in a cooler environment?

A

shiny silver material

45
Q

what material should be used to keep something cool in a warm environment?

A

a shiny silver material

46
Q

how can a vacuum be used to reduce heat transfer?

A

placing a vacuum between silvered surfaces reduces heat loss through conduction and convection

47
Q

how does a cap on a vacuum flask reduce heat loss?

A

it reduces heat loss through convection and evaporation

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