TP exam2

Question 1

4 steps of the traditional four–step process of urban travel demand

Answer 1

Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode Split, Traffic Assignment

Question 2

Trip Generation (inputs, outputs, and models)

Answer 2

socioeconomic conditions and land use (in), productions/attractions (out) w/linear regression model

Question 3

Trip Distribution (inputs, outputs, and models)

Answer 3

productions/attractions (in), trips (out) w/gravity model

Question 4

Mode Split (inputs, outputs, and models)

Answer 4

trips (in), trips by mode (out) w/Logit Model

Question 5

Traffic Assignment (inputs, outputs, and models)

Answer 5

trips by mode (in), travel time and level of service (out) w/user equilibrium or system optimal

Question 6

There are two different types of modal split models identified in the text – what are they?

Answer 6

Trip–End Models & Trip–Interchange Models

Question 7

Define the logit model including a mathematical representation of the model and definitions of each term.

Answer 7

traveler with a choice tends to choose the travel mode that has the greatest utility\nP = e / sigma e equation…

Question 8

Trip–End Models, definition, (when should it be used, and why?)

Answer 8

based on assumption that ridership is due to socioeconomic variables “captive” users; use before trips distributed; used for small\ncommunities or in developing countries

Question 9

Trip–Interchange Models, definition, (when should it be used, and why?)

Answer 9

Logit model, use after trip distribution, looks at multiple socioeconomic factors and trips to determine split

Question 10

Trip assignment – Interaction between supply and demand ?

Answer 10

demand – output from first three steps of process, supply – network (roadway, transit routes) and costs (travel time, distance, tolls)

Question 11

user equilibrium

Answer 11

based on the assumption that each individual chooses the route perceived as being the best

Question 12

system optimal

Answer 12

users are assigned to routes so as to minimize the system wide average cost of travel, generally does not yield same result as user equilibrium

Question 13

4 traffic assignment techniques outlined in Section 5.4.4 of Meyer & Miller’s text

Answer 13

minimum path (all–or–nothing), equilibrium assignment, stochastic assignment, dynamic assignment

Question 14

minimum path (all–or–nothing)

Answer 14

all traffic between a given origin and\ndestination is loaded on the links comprising the minimum path and nothing is loaded on the other links

Question 15

equilibrium assignment

Answer 15

volume on links change until travel time on links become the same

Question 16

stochastic assignment

Answer 16

user equilibrium, based on the assumption that each individual chooses the route perceived as being the best (i.e., each individual\nminimizes or optimizes travel time or cost)

Question 17

dynamic assignment

Answer 17

similar to user equilibrium, but this method assigns trips over time as well

Question 18

incremental assignment methods

Answer 18

assignment by link or node – assign increment of flow and then update travel times, then assign another increment of flow on new shortest time

Question 19

Basics of urban planning theory.

Answer 19

planner’s objective is not merely to describe the city and its components, but rather to propose ways in which they can be changed,

Question 20

3 basic concepts used to describe urban form

Answer 20

urban form, urban interaction, and urban spatial structure).

Question 21

urban form

Answer 21

the spatial pattern or “arrangement” of\nindividual elements

Question 22

urban interaction

Answer 22

collective set of interrelationships, linkages, and flows (i.e., highways and streets)

Question 23

urban spatial structure

Answer 23

Combines the urban form through the urban interaction with a set of\norganizational rules into a city system (i.e., rent, density, income)

Question 24

Comprehensive plan, master plan, or general plan:

Answer 24

An official statement of a geographic unit’s policies and intentions pertaining to physical development in\nthe years ahead.

Question 25

Guidelines:

Answer 25

set of implementation techniques

Question 26

Legislation:

Answer 26

Recommendations turned into bills and\nenacted into law

Question 27

Codes

Answer 27

Housing and building codes, for example. Important implementation techniques for ensuring the quality of community growth. Establish\nstandards. Used at the local municipal level.

Question 28

Zoning:

Answer 28

Legal device for implementing local land–use plans. Ensures compatibility and controls the densities of certain parts of the community

Question 29

Subdivision regulations:

Answer 29

Regulations that complement the local zoning ordinances. Control the development and change occurring within a community

Question 30

Infrastructure

Answer 30

the life–support facilities of a\ngeographic unit, like, streets, bridges, sewers, rails, etc.

Question 31

4 specific types of land use models as outlined in Meyer & Miller’s text and the basis for each

Answer 31

heuristic, simulation, operational, and scenario

Question 32

3 values calculated in Hansen’s Accessibility Model

Answer 32

Accessibility index, development potential, and population allocated to a zone

Question 33

2 types of assessment to determine transportation impacts on the urban activity system & define

Answer 33

ex post assessment – evaluate current condition with previous one “before and after”\npriori assessment – with and without level of analysis, only uses forecasted data

Question 34

3 levels of decision making outlined for supply analysis.

Answer 34

Metropolitan–level network analysis for strategic investment, Operational or tactical planning, Scheduling of transportation services

Question 35

5 major components of a transportation system and the interaction between these components.

Answer 35

system user, mode, infrastructure, intermodal connections, stakeholders

Question 36

6 performance characteristics and measures used in transportation

Answer 36

speed, volume, density, capacity, level of service, headway

Question 37

4 exclusive right–of–way or guideway operations

Answer 37

performance, headway, capacity, dwell time

Question 38

Shared right–of–way operations (controlled vs. uncontrolled facilities).

Answer 38

controlled facilities – freeways, uncontrolled – urban\nstreets and sidewalks

Question 39

5 principles of pedestrian flow

Answer 39

comfort, convenience, safety, security, economy

Question 40

pedestrian flow definition– comfort

Answer 40

weather protection, climate control, shelters

Question 41

pedestrian flow definition– convenience

Answer 41

walking distances, pathway\ndirectness, grades, sidewalk ramps, signing, maps

Question 42

pedestrian flow definition– safety

Answer 42

separation of pedestrians from vehicular traffic on the same horizontal plan

Question 43

pedestrian flow definition– security

Answer 43

lighting, open lines of sight, degree of\nstreet activity

Question 44

pedestrian flow definition– economy

Answer 44

user costs incurred by travel delay\nand inconveniences, commercial development influenced by pedestrian activity

Question 45

pedestrian flow concepts (equation)

Answer 45

pedestrian unit flow rate = peak 15min flow rate / (15 * effective width of sidewalk)

Question 46

Network flow analysis (3 ways it can be used)

Answer 46

used to determine maximum flow through a networkwith links of finite capacity, equilibrium flow through a\nnetwork, given a known set of origin–destination patterns, shortest paths between nodes within the network