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Tissue Protozoa > Toxoplasma Gondii > Flashcards

Toxoplasma Gondii Flashcards

1
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite. Explain

A

It can only replicaqte and survive inside the cell

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2
Q

Who is the definitive host?

A

Cat

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3
Q

Who is the accidental host?

A
  • Mammals, including man
  • Avian (birds species)
  • Cold-blooded vertebrates
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4
Q

What is the mode of infection?

A

i) faecal-oral = Eating contaminated food (oocyst containing sporozoite)
ii) ingest cyst (containing bradyzoite) embedded in undercook meat
iii) transplacental, organ transplant, blood transfusion. (tachyzoite)

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5
Q

What is the type of reproduction in man host?

A

asexually by endodyogeny

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6
Q

What is the type of reproduction in cat host?

A

sexually. oocyst release sporozoite

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7
Q

What is the habitat for toxoplasma Gondii in definitive host?

A

Columnar epithelial cells of small intestine

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8
Q

What is the habitat for toxoplasma Gondii in accidental host?

A
  • columnar epithelial cells of small intestine
  • develop in vacoules in any nucleated cells (macrophage)
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9
Q

Could it affect other sites or organs ? If yes, list some.

A

Yes. Brain, Liver, Muscle, Retinal cells, Lymph node, Spleen

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10
Q

Infective form in contaminated food & drinks is

A

Oocyst with sporozoite

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11
Q

Infective form in blood t’fusion & transplacental is

A

Tachyzoite

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12
Q

Infective form in cyst in undercooked meat is

A

Bradyzoite

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13
Q

Both sporozoite and bradyzoite will become ____________

A

tachyzoite

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14
Q

Tachyzoite is in infective and invasive form can cause acute or chronic infection?

A

acute infection

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15
Q

Bradyzoite is in an infective form can cause acute or chronic infection?

A

Chronic infection

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16
Q

Many tachyzoites in a host cell vacuole and mononuclear cells develop parasite membrane forming a cyst. Encysted stage the parasite is known as ___________

A

bradyzoite

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17
Q

What is the morphology of the trachyzoite ?

A
  • Pyriform shape
  • It has membrane, nucleus and various organelle.
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18
Q

Can Bradyzoite in cyst remains viable for years?

A

Yes

19
Q

How much sporocyst in one oocyst?

A

2 sporocyst in 1 oocyst

20
Q

How much sporozoites in one sporocyst?

A

4 sporozoites in one sporocyst.

notes: 1 oocyst has 2 sporocyst. Each sporocyst has 4 sporozoites.

21
Q

During transplantation, what form of toxoplasma gondii will infect the man?

A

Bradyzoite

22
Q

For blood transfusion, where can tachyzoite be found?

A

It can be found within white blood cells, platelets and contaminated packed red blood cells.

23
Q

In the human host, does the parasites form tissue cysts most commonly in skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes?

A

Yes

24
Q

Explain the life cycle of Toxoplasma Gondii in human.

A

• Tissue with infected cyst enters human body.
• The cyst wall is digested releasing the bradyzoite maturing
becoming tachyzoite in lumen of small intestine.
• Tachyzoites penetrate the epithelial cells in small
intestine.
• Endodyogeny (asexual) cycle takes place.
• Tachyzoite enters circulation via lymphatic or haematogenous spread.
• Tachyzoites resides in muscle or neural tissue.
• Tacyzoites forms cysts with bradyzoites in tissue.

25
Q

Explain the life cycle of Toxoplasma Gondii in cat.

A

• Cat eats mice, rats, rodents and/or raw meat containing
the infective cyst.
• The cyst wall is digested releasing the bradyzoite maturing becoming tachyzoite in lumen of small intestine.
• Tachyzoites penetrate the epithelial cells in small intestine.
• Asexual & sexual cycle takes place.
• Sexual (gametogony) cycle and oocyst formation.
• Oocyst contains undifferentiated material, develop into 2 sporocyst within several days.
• Each sporocyst contains 4 sporozoites.

26
Q

What happen during acute infection of Toxoplasma Gondii?

A
  • Tachyzoites divide repeatedly by endodyogony (asexual).
  • Host cells will swell up and rupture releasing tachyzoite.
  • Develop a membrane and become a cyst or pseudocyst.
27
Q

What happen during chronic infection of Toxoplasmosis?

A

Bradyzoites
- cysts within tissue with tough wall
- in the Brain, liver, heart, & muscles - Persist for months or years.
- While bradyzoites are dormant, they can stimulate the host’s immune system to maintain a state of immunity against T. Gondii
- This allow the parasite to evade the host’s immune response and cause chronic infection.
-When immune response become compromised, the bradyzoite can reactivate and transform into rapidly dividing tachyzoite.

28
Q

Does Intestinal infection cause asymptomatic or symptomatic?

A

Intestinal infection cause asymptomatic

29
Q

If it infect extra-intestinal sites what are the symptoms for children, adults, AIDS patient and immunsuppressed patients?

A
  1. Acute form in children and adults that resembles typhus & is usually fatal.
  2. Resembles infectious mononucleosis.
  3. In immunocompromised AIDS patients can present with
    meningio-encephalitis.
  4. In immunosuppressed patients present with pneumonitis,
    lymphadenopathy, myocarditis and encephalopathy.
30
Q

Chronic infection of Toxoplasmosis in adults can present with:

A
  1. Chorioretinitis.
  2. Lymphadenopathy usually single, post-cervical.
31
Q

For the Congenital Toxoplamosis, what is the symptoms, and List the outcomes of pregnancy for 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester if the mother gets infected.

A

Mother is asymptomatic.
1st trimester- miscarriage
2nd trimester- miscarriage or still born
3rd trimester- congenital infection

32
Q

What are the typical syndrome of the congenital infected baby?

A

Intra-cerebral calcification. Chorioretinitis. Hydrocephalus.

33
Q

Diagnosis for Toxoplasma Gondii has two methods

A

Direct method
Indirect method

34
Q

Explain the direct method to diagnose Toxoplasma Gondii. Suggest ways to detect the parasite

A

Tissues or fluids suspected of containing parasites taken:
- Blood serology
- Biopsy lymph node or muscle
- CSF
Detection of parasites by:
1. Staining by Giemsa or immunoflorescence
2. Tissue culture

35
Q

How to diagnose for Toxoplasma Gondii using indirect method?

A

It measures the immune response.
It detects the presence of IgG and IgM Toxoplasma specific anribodies via Serologic diagnosis.

36
Q

How to diagnose for Toxoplasma Gondii using indirect method for pregnant ladies?

A

IgG avidity test can be carried out to determine the time of infection for pregnant ladies.

37
Q

How to diagnose for Toxoplasma Gondii using indirect method for congenital infection?

A

By the demonstration of IgM (not IgG)

38
Q

What are the treatment for immunocompetent people?

A

i. no treatment given
ii. If ocular – Pyrimethamine

39
Q

What is the treatment for immunocompromised people?

A

Pyrimethamine – as prophylaxis and treatment

40
Q

What is the treatment for congenital Toxoplasmosis?

A

Pyrimethamine

41
Q

What are the treatment for pregnant woman?

A

Spiramycin (<18/40)
Pyrimethamine (>18/40)

42
Q

NOTES

A

Clinical presentation for Toxoplasmosis can be asymptomatic, symptomatic and congenital.

43
Q

For AIDS patient, is it possible to perform serology or PCR of parasite DNA?

A

No. Because AIDS patient has reduced antibody production

Tissue Protozoa (4 decks)

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